. 2020 Dec 4;8(4):540. doi: 10.3390/healthcare8040540

Table 3.

Overview of students’ perceptions regarding causes of error and management.

Causes of Errors
Sentence	Group	Strongly Agree	Agree	Neutral	Disagree	Strongly Disagree	p-Value
Making errors in medicine is inevitable.	Female	31	35	26	34	5	0.04
Making errors in medicine is inevitable.	Male	28	24	9	13	8	0.04
There is a gap between what is known as “best care” and what is being provided on a day-to-day basis	Female	37	65	12	16	1	0.49
	Male	26	40	9	5	2	0.49
Competent health practitioners do not make medical errors that lead to patient harm	Female	6	22	26	68	9	0.43
	Male	6	14	15	36	11	0.43
Most errors are due to things that health practitioners cannot do anything about	Female	1	7	30	73	20	0.37
	Male	2	8	23	37	12	0.37
Error Management
Sentence	Students	Strongly Agree	Agree	Neutral	Disagree	Strongly Disagree	p-Value
Only physicians can determine the causes of a medical error	Female	9	23	28	57	14	0.57
Only physicians can determine the causes of a medical error	Male	8	18	13	31	12	0.57
If there is no harm to a patient, there is no need to address an error	Female	2	13	14	61	41	0.72
	Male	2	7	5	44	24	0.72
Reporting systems do little to reduce future errors	Female	12	24	28	51	16	0.10
Reporting systems do little to reduce future errors	Male	2	22	12	31	15	0.10
After an error occurs, an effective strategy is to work harder and to be more careful	Female	80	46	3	2	0	0.22
	Male	45	30	1	5	1	0.22
health practitioners should not tolerate uncertainty in patient care	Female	9	51	30	35	6	0.21
	Male	12	25	14	25	6	0.21
The culture of medicine makes it easy for providers to deal constructively with errors	Female	22	67	19	19	4	0.51
	Male	20	34	10	15	3	0.51