Table 1.
Serum perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAS) and thyroid hormone concentrations by participant characteristics in study population (n = 1325).
| Variables | Total Population | PFOA (µmol/L) | PFOS (µmol/L) | PFHxS (µmol/L) | PFNA (µmol/L) | Total PFAS (µmol/L) | Free T4 (ng/dL) | Total T4 (µg/dL) | Free T3 (pg/mL) | Total T3 (ng/dL) | TSH (mIU/L) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | GM (SE) | GM (SE) | GM (SE) | GM (SE) | GM (SE) | Mean (SE) | Mean (SE) | Mean (SE) | Mean (SE) | GM (SE) | |
| All | 1325 (100) | 8.89 (0.31) | 33.52 (1.13) | 5.20 (0.26) | 4.26 (0.19) | 55.18 (1.65) | 0.82 (0.01) | 7.78 (0.08) | 3.17 (0.03) | 114.03 (1.26) | 1.50 (0.03) |
| Sex | |||||||||||
| Male | 717 (52.1) | 10.13 (0.37) | 42.22 (1.91) | 6.91 (0.39) | 4.54 (0.27) | 67.52 (2.77) | 0.82 (0.01) | 7.60 (0.09) | 3.26 (0.03) | 115.14 (1.82) | 1.53 (0.04) |
| Female | 608 (47.9) | 7.71 (0.38) | 26.07 (1.01) | 3.81 (0.23) | 3.99 (0.14) | 44.29 (1.45) | 0.82 (0.01) | 7.97 (0.10) | 3.08 (0.02) | 112.82 (1.11) | 1.47 (0.04) |
| Age (years) | |||||||||||
| 20–39 | 510 (38.2) | 8.18 (0.38) | 28.70 (1.55) | 4.84 (0.30) | 3.95 (0.20) | 48.27 (2.43) | 0.83 (0.01) | 7.78 (0.10) | 3.31 (0.03) | 120.26 (1.30) | 1.42 (0.04) |
| 40–59 | 442 (40.1) | 8.76 (0.47) | 32.37 (1.12) | 4.80 (0.29) | 4.19 (0.27) | 53.50 (1.81) | 0.80 (0.01) | 7.68 (0.10) | 3.16 (0.03) | 112.19 (1.57) | 1.47 (0.08) |
| ≥60 | 373 (21.7) | 10.58 (0.61) | 46.97 (2.46) | 6.81 (0.52) | 5.04 (0.30) | 73.89 (3.57) | 0.84 (0.01) | 7.95 (0.13) | 2.96 (0.02) | 106.48 (1.57) | 1.72 (0.09) |
| Race | |||||||||||
| NHW | 469 (65.5) | 9.68 (0.46) | 35.66 (1.32) | 5.97 (0.36) | 4.20 (0.25) | 58.80 (2.11) | 0.81 (0.01) | 7.67 (0.10) | 3.16 (0.03) | 112.82 (1.69) | 1.56 (0.05) |
| NHB | 344 (11.5) | 7.66 (0.28) | 34.17 (3.07) | 4.49 (0.20) | 4.55 (0.26) | 54.26 (3.76) | 0.82 (0.01) | 8.01 (0.19) | 3.16 (0.02) | 115.49 (2.24) | 1.25 (0.04) |
| Hispanic/other | 512 (23) | 7.52 (0.45) | 27.85 (2.21) | 3.78 (0.30) | 4.31 (0.32) | 46.44 (3.27) | 0.84 (0.01) | 7.96 (0.08) | 3.22 (0.02) | 116.76 (1.33) | 1.47 (0.04) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | |||||||||||
| <25 | 446 (33.1) | 8.85 (0.42) | 32.75 (1.46) | 5.19 (0.39) | 4.16 (0.20) | 54.32 (2.28) | 0.83 (0.01) | 7.56 (0.11) | 3.17 (0.04) | 110.89 (1.62) | 1.44 (0.04) |
| 25–30 | 428 (34.6) | 9.88 (0.60) | 36.36 (2.02) | 5.86 (0.39) | 4.80 (0.26) | 60.64 (2.82) | 0.81 (0.01) | 7.79 (0.10) | 3.15 (0.03) | 114.87 (1.52) | 1.54 (0.05) |
| ≥30 | 451 (32.3) | 7.98 (0.35) | 31.46 (2.10) | 4.58 (0.34) | 3.84 (0.23) | 50.67 (3.03) | 0.81 (0.01) | 7.98 (0.11) | 3.20 (0.03) | 116.36 (1.84) | 1.51 (0.05) |
| Smoking * | |||||||||||
| Non-smoker | 1058 (79.4) | 9.30 (0.33) | 35.61 (1.27) | 5.38 (0.28) | 4.47 (0.20) | 58.33 (1.86) | 0.82 (0.01) | 7.79 (0.09) | 3.16 (0.02) | 113.11 (1.30) | 1.52 (0.04) |
| Smoker | 266 (20.6) | 7.50 (0.51) | 26.56 (1.74) | 4.58 (0.35) | 3.57 (0.25) | 44.63 (2.74) | 0.82 (0.01) | 7.73 (0.15) | 3.24 (0.05) | 117.57 (1.92) | 1.41 (0.07) |
| Serum cotinine (ng/mL) | |||||||||||
| Non-smoker | 993 (74.9) | 9.28 (0.33) | 35.36 (1.10) | 5.35 (0.29) | 4.47 (0.04) | 58.04 (1.64) | 0.82 (0.01) | 7.78 (0.09) | 3.15 (0.02) | 112.91 (1.39) | 1.54 (0.03) |
| Smoker | 332 (25.1) | 7.82 (0.43) | 28.57 (1.90) | 4.78 (0.29) | 3.70 (0.24) | 47.43 (2.71) | 0.82 (0.01) | 7.78 (0.14) | 3.24 (0.05) | 117.37 (1.76) | 1.38 (0.07) |
* Questionnaire data (one missing); BMI: body mass index; GM: geometric mean; NHW: non-Hispanic white; NHB: non-Hispanic black; SE: standard error.