Table 3.
Cause-Specific Cox Models for the Relationship Between Work–Family Conflict (WIF and FIW) and Exit From Work
| All routes combined a | Retirement | Homemaker/other route | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men (n = 3,686/5,157) |
Women (n = 1,551/2,027) |
Men (n = 3,072/5,157) |
Women (n = 1,237/2,027) |
Men (n = 170/5,157) |
Women (n = 112/2,027) |
|||||||
| HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | |
| WIF | ||||||||||||
| Model 1 | 0.99 | 0.96 to 1.02 | 1.10*** | 1.04 to 1.15 | 0.99 | 0.96 to 1.02 | 1.09** | 1.03 to 1.14 | 0.96 | 0.84 to 1.10 | 1.30** | 1.10 to 1.54 |
| Model 2 | 0.98 | 0.95 to 1.01 | 1.04 | 0.99 to 1.10 | 0.98 | 0.95 to 1.01 | 1.04 | 0.98 to 1.10 | 1.00 | 0.86 to 1.16 | 1.19 | 0.98 to 1.44 |
| Model 3 | 0.98 | 0.95 to 1.01 | 1.04 | 0.99 to 1.10 | 0.98 | 0.95 to 1.01 | 1.04 | 0.98 to 1.10 | 0.98 | 0.84 to 1.14 | 1.22* | 1.00 to 1.48 |
| Model 4 | 0.98 | 0.95 to 1.02 | 1.06 | 0.99 to 1.12 | 0.97 | 0.94 to 1.01 | 1.05 | 0.99 to 1.12 | 0.98 | 0.83 to 1.15 | 1.17 | 0.95 to 1.44 |
| Model 5 | 0.97 | 0.94 to 1.00 | 1.02 | 0.96 to 1.08 | 0.97 | 0.94 to 1.00 | 1.02 | 0.96 to 1.09 | 0.95 | 0.82 to 1.11 | 1.14 | 0.94 to 1.40 |
| Model 6 | 0.98 | 0.94 to 1.01 | 1.04 | 0.97 to 1.10 | 0.97 | 0.94 to 1.00 | 1.04 | 0.97 to 1.11 | 0.95 | 0.80 to 1.12 | 1.10 | 0.88 to 1.37 |
| FIW | ||||||||||||
| Model 1 | 0.97 | 0.94 to 1.00 | 1.03 | 0.97 to 1.08 | 0.97 | 0.93 to 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.95 to 1.06 | 0.91 | 0.77 to 1.08 | 1.26** | 1.07 to 1.49 |
| Model 2 | 0.95** | 0.92 to 0.99 | 1.01 | 0.96 to 1.07 | 0.95* | 0.92 to 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.93 to 1.05 | 0.92 | 0.78 to 1.10 | 1.23* | 1.03 to 1.47 |
| Model 3 | 0.95** | 0.92 to 0.99 | 1.01 | 0.96 to 1.07 | 0.95** | 0.92 to 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.93 to 1.05 | 0.89 | 0.75 to 1.06 | 1.27* | 1.06 to 1.52 |
| Model 4 | 0.95** | 0.92 to 0.98 | 1.01 | 0.96 to 1.07 | 0.94** | 0.91 to 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.93 to 1.05 | 0.89 | 0.74 to 1.06 | 1.23* | 1.03 to 1.48 |
| Model 5 | 0.92*** | 0.89 to 0.96 | 0.98 | 0.92 to 1.04 | 0.93*** | 0.89 to 0.96 | 0.97 | 0.90 to 1.03 | 0.82* | 0.68 to 0.99 | 1.12 | 0.91 to 1.37 |
| Model 6 | 0.92*** | 0.89 to 0.96 | 0.98 | 0.92 to 1.04 | 0.92*** | 0.89 to 0.96 | 0.97 | 0.91 to 1.04 | 0.82* | 0.68 to 0.99 | 1.09 | 0.88 to 1.34 |
Note. Model 1: Cause-specific Cox models using age as the timescale. Binary variable indicating N/A in work–family conflict was included. Model 2: model 1 + confounders (including highest education, employment grade, whether still in the civil service, employment of spouse/no spouse). Model 3: model 2 + potential mediators (General Health Questionnaire depression and number of chronic conditions). Model 4: model 3 + psychosocial working conditions (including job demands, job decision latitude, and support at work). Model 5: model 3 + family related factors (including number of dependent children in the household, caring responsibility, and control at home). Model 6: model 3 + psychosocial working conditions and family related factors. FIW = family interference with work; WIF = work interference with family; HR = hazard ratio; CI = confidence interval.
aRoutes exit from work are retirement, homemaker/other exit, health-related exit, and unemployment. Results of health-related exit and unemployment are not significant and are shown in Supplementary Material.
*p < .05. **p < .01. ***p < .001.