Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of Kaiser Permanente Southern California Patients Aged ≥65 Years or Older With Incident CKD, Overall, and for Those With and Without a Hospitalization During 1 Year of Follow-Up
| Characteristic, N (%) or Mean ± SD | Overall (n = 30,932) | Hospitalized During Follow-Up | p Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No (21,063) |
Yes (9,869) |
|||
| Age | 77.9 ± 7.6 | 77.4 ± 7.5 | 78.8 ± 7.7 | <.001 |
| Female | 17013 (55) | 11747 (55.8) | 5266 (53.4) | <.001 |
| Race/ethnicity | <.001 | |||
| White | 18331 (59.3) | 12326 (58.5) | 6005 (60.8) | |
| Asian | 2191 (7.1) | 1577 (7.5) | 614 (6.2) | |
| Black | 3718 (12) | 2480 (11.8) | 1238 (12.5) | |
| Hispanic | 6055 (19.6) | 4179 (19.8) | 1876 (19) | |
| Other/unknown | 637 (2.0) | 401 (2.3) | 136 (1.5) | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 28.3 ±6.2 | 28.5 ± 6.1 | 28.0 ± 6.4 | <.001 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | <.001 | |||
| 30–44 | 27653 (89.4) | 19247 (91.4) | 8406 (85.2) | |
| 15–29 | 3005 (9.7) | 1680 (8.0) | 1325 (13.4) | |
| <15 | 274 (0.9) | 136 (0.6) | 138 (1.4) | |
| Discordant conditions | ||||
| Heart failure | 3940 (12.7) | 1792 (8.5) | 2148 (21.8) | <.001 |
| Osteoarthritis | 5045 (16.3) | 3230 (15.3) | 1815 (18.4) | <.001 |
| Osteoporosis | 4136 (13.4) | 2656 (12.6) | 1480 (15.0) | <.001 |
| Hypothyroid | 3606 (11.7) | 2380 (11.3) | 1226 (12.4) | .004 |
| Epilepsy/seizure | 173 (0.6) | 94 (0.4) | 79 (0.8) | <.001 |
| Parkinson’s disease | 307 (1.0) | 182 (0.9) | 125 (1.3) | <.001 |
| Dementia | 1979 (6.4) | 1143 (5.4) | 836 (8.5) | <.001 |
| GERD/peptic ulcer disease | 2368 (7.7) | 1464 (7) | 904 (9.2) | <.001 |
| Depression | 3639 (11.8) | 2255 (10.7) | 1384 (14) | <.001 |
| COPD/asthma | 2510 (8.1) | 1440 (6.8) | 1070 (10.8) | <.001 |
| Cancer | 4580 (14.8) | 2711 (12.9) | 1869 (18.9) | <.001 |
| Number of discordant conditions | 1.0 ± 1.1 | 0.9 ± 1.1 | 1.3 ± 1.2 | <.001 |
| Other chronic conditions | ||||
| Hypertension | 28059 (90.7) | 19085 (90.6) | 8974 (90.9) | .40 |
| Diabetes | 13325 (43.1) | 8905 (42.3) | 4420 (44.8) | <.001 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 4415 (14.3) | 2342 (11.1) | 2073 (21) | <.001 |
| Anemia | 4574 (14.8) | 2637 (12.5) | 1937 (19.6) | <.001 |
| Gout | 1520 (4.9) | 1010 (4.8) | 510 (5.2) | .20 |
| BPH | 2257 (7.3) | 1468 (7) | 789 (8) | .001 |
| Peripheral arterial disease | 1067 (3.4) | 599 (2.8) | 468 (4.7) | <.001 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 22816 (73.8) | 15554 (73.8) | 7262 (73.6) | .60 |
| Coronary heart disease | 8634 (27.9) | 4757 (22.6) | 3877 (39.3) | <.001 |
| Stroke | 1473 (4.8) | 709 (3.4) | 764 (7.7) | <.001 |
| Taking contraindicated meds | ||||
| Metformin | 5196 (16.8) | 3764 (17.9) | 1432 (14.5) | <.001 |
| Glyburide | 408 (1.3) | 280 (1.3) | 128 (1.3) | .82 |
| Gemfibrozil | 707 (2.3) | 489 (2.3) | 218 (2.2) | .54 |
| Spironolactone | 1783 (5.8) | 1033 (4.9) | 750 (7.6) | <.001 |
| Pentoxifylline | 184 (0.6) | 98 (0.5) | 86 (0.9) | <.001 |
| Taking dose-reduction meds* | ||||
| Ranitidine | 820 (2.7) | 543 (2.6) | 277 (2.8) | .20 |
| Atenolol | 9056 (29.3) | 6442 (30.6) | 2614 (26.5) | <.001 |
| Hydralazine | 2340 (7.6) | 1334 (6.3) | 1006 (10.2) | <.001 |
| Digoxin | 1650 (5.3) | 845 (4) | 805 (8.2) | <.001 |
| Rosuvastatin | 198 (0.6) | 135 (0.6) | 63 (0.6) | .90 |
| NSAID | 2501 (8.1) | 1767 (8.4) | 734 (7.4) | .004 |
| Prescribers | <.001 | |||
| <4 | 22265 (72) | 16212 (77) | 6053 (61.3) | |
| ≥4 | 8667 (28) | 4851 (23) | 3816 (38.7) | |
| Prior hospitalization† | 10192 (32.9) | 5424 (25.8) | 4768 (48.3) | <.001 |
| Prior ED visit† | 8938 (28.9) | 5087 (24.2) | 3851 (39) | <.001 |
Note: CKD = chronic kidney disease; BMI = body mass index; BPH = benign prostatic hypertrophy; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ED = emergency department; eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate; GERD = gastroesophageal reflux disease; NSAID = nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.
*Medications that should be given at reduced dose in CKD.
†Prior hospitalizations and ED visits were ascertained within 1 year prior to index date.