Fig. 5.

Coagulation factor consumption is a feature of YFV infection in humans and macaques but not in hFRG mice. (A) Simplified scheme of the coagulation cascade. (B) PT in humans (black), macaques (red), muFRG mice (green), and hFRG mice (blue). (B–E) Solid symbols denote YFV-infected individuals whereas open symbols denote uninfected ones. Dashed lines represent the limits of detection of the assay; gray areas indicate the human reference range for each parameter, as defined by the American Board of Internal Medicine (67). (C) Coagulation factor activities determined using factor-deficient human plasma in a PT-based assay. (D) Demonstration that plasma from macaques and hFRG mice can generate D-dimers and be detected with the assays used in this study. (E) Plasma D-dimer concentrations in YFV-infected humans and animal models. Significance from paired t tests is denoted by an asterisk, whereas significance from unpaired t tests is denoted by an open star (n.s.: P ≥ 0.05; ☆☆: P = 0.001 to 0.01; *P = 0.01 to 0.05; **P = 0.001 to 0.01; ***P = 0.0001 to 0.001).