Table 2.
Patient diagnoses recorded in the year prior to a treated heroin overdose, by patient age at the time of overdose (N = 3183).
| Characteristic | Age 18 to 25 N = 1694 N (%) | Age 26 to 45 N = 764 N (%) | Age 46 and over N = 725 N (%) | Overall N = 3183 N (%) | x2 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pain diagnoses | 1066 (62.9) | 560 (73.3) | 623 (85.9) | 2249 (70.7) | < 0.001 |
| Abdominal pain | 395 (23.3) | 228 (29.8) | 304 (41.9) | 927 (29.1) | < 0.001 |
| Back and neck pain | 429 (25.3) | 295 (38.6) | 385 (53.1) | 1109 (34.8) | < 0.001 |
| Cancer and cancer pain | 41 (2.4) | 55 (7.2) | 117 (16.1) | 213 (6.7) | < 0.001 |
| Chest pain | 203 (12.0) | 133 (17.4) | 245 (33.8) | 581 (18.3) | < 0.001 |
| General chronic pain | 89 (5.3) | 115 (15.1) | 246 (33.9) | 450 (14.1) | < 0.001 |
| Headache | 233 (13.8) | 135 (17.7) | 132 (18.2) | 500 (15.7) | 0.005 |
| Injuries and acute pain | 582 (34.4) | 324 (42.4) | 347 (47.9) | 1253 (39.4) | < 0.001 |
| Other musculoskeletal pain | 554 (32.7) | 348 (45.5) | 442 (61.0) | 1344 (42.2) | < 0.001 |
| Neuropathic pain | 45 (2.7) | 55 (7.2) | 133 (18.3) | 233 (7.3) | < 0.001 |
| Mental health disorders | 952 (56.2) | 447 (58.5) | 396 (54.6) | 1795 (56.4) | 0.209 |
| Anxiety disorder | 672 (39.7) | 322 (42.1) | 262 (36.1) | 1256 (39.5) | 0.064 |
| Mood disorder | 728 (43.0) | 356 (46.6) | 318 (43.9) | 1402 (44.0) | 0.165 |
| Schizophrenic disorder | 22 (1.3) | 27 (3.5) | 29 (4.0) | 78 (2.5) | < 0.001 |
| Other nonpsychotic mental health disorders | 157 (9.3) | 57 (7.5) | 46 (6.3) | 260 (8.2) | 0.004 |
| Medical comorbidities | 90 (5.3) | 84 (11.0) | 239 (33.0) | 413 (13.0) | < 0.001 |
| Infectious diseases | 55 (3.2) | 35 (4.6) | 93 (12.8) | 183 (5.7) | < 0.001 |
| Obstructive pulmonary disorder | 2 (0.1) | 10 (1.3) | 113 (15.6) | 125 (3.9) | < 0.001 |
| Renal failure | 31 (1.8) | 23 (3.0) | 80 (11.0) | 134 (4.2) | < 0.001 |
| Sleep apnea | 8 (0.5) | 27 (3.5) | 58 (8.0) | 93 (2.9) | < 0.001 |
| Substance use disorders | 1129 (66.6) | 439 (57.5) | 372 (51.3) | 1940 (60.9) | < 0.001 |
| Alcohol use disorder | 424 (25.0) | 164 (21.5) | 159 (21.9) | 747 (23.5) | 0.036 |
| Cannabis use disorder | 417 (24.6) | 105 (13.7) | 47 (6.5) | 569 (17.9) | < 0.001 |
| Cocaine use disorder | 237 (14.0) | 109 (14.3) | 78 (10.8) | 424 (13.3) | 0.086 |
| Opioid use disorder | 953 (56.3) | 355 (46.5) | 252 (34.8) | 1560 (49.0) | < 0.001 |
| Sedative, hypnotic or anxiolytic substance use disorder | 293 (17.3) | 81 (10.6) | 36 (5.0) | 410 (12.9) | < 0.001 |
| Other substance use disorder | 729 (43.0) | 235 (30.8) | 175 (24.1) | 1139 (35.8) | < 0.001 |
| Non-heroin overdoses | 202 (11.9) | 86 (11.3) | 106 (14.6) | 394 (12.4) | 0.102 |
| Non-heroin opioid overdose | 75 (4.4) | 33 (4.3) | 52 (7.2) | 160 (5.0) | 0.023 |
| Other and unspecified overdoses | 224 (13.2) | 112 (14.7) | 108 (14.9) | 444 (13.9) | 0.534 |
| Suicidality | 167 (9.9) | 88 (11.5) | 77 (10.6) | 332 (10.4) | 0.155 |
| Suicidal ideation | 155 (9.1) | 81 (10.6) | 68 (9.4) | 304 (9.6) | 0.158 |
| Suicide or self-harm | 38 (2.2) | 19 (2.5) | 15 (2.1) | 72 (2.3) | 0.604 |