Table 1.
Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics for endometriosis patients with opioid use in the United States.
| Characteristic | Patients with high-risk opioid use | Patients with low-risk opioid use | p-value | Patients with chronic opioid use | Patients without chronic opioid use | p-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | |||
| Number of unique patients | 18,239 | 100% | 42,780 | 100% | 5001 | 100% | 56,018 | 100% | ||
| Age group at index | ||||||||||
| 18–29 | 2351 | 12.9% | 5613 | 13.1% | <0.0001 | 619 | 12.4% | 7345 | 13.1% | <0.0001 |
| 30–39 | 7110 | 39.0% | 15,648 | 36.6% | 2010 | 40.2% | 20,748 | 37.0% | ||
| 40–49 | 8778 | 48.1% | 21,519 | 50.3% | 2372 | 47.4% | 27,925 | 49.9% | ||
| Age at index | ||||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 38.1 | 7.2 | 38.3 | 7.4 | 0.0139 | 38.1 | 7.1 | 38.3 | 7.4 | 0.067 |
| Region at index | ||||||||||
| Northeast | 1969 | 10.8% | 5871 | 13.7% | 0.0034 | 573 | 11.5% | 7267 | 13.0% | <0.0001 |
| North Central | 4003 | 21.9% | 9683 | 22.6% | 1198 | 24.0% | 12,488 | 22.3% | ||
| South | 9023 | 49.5% | 21,668 | 50.6% | 2355 | 47.1% | 28,336 | 50.6% | ||
| West | 3147 | 17.3% | 5296 | 12.4% | 827 | 16.5% | 7616 | 13.6% | ||
| Unknown | 97 | 0.5% | 262 | 0.6% | 48 | 1.0% | 311 | 0.6% | ||
| Plan type at index | ||||||||||
| Comprehensive | 252 | 1.4% | 760 | 1.8% | 0.0011 | 139 | 2.8% | 873 | 1.6% | <0.0001 |
| EPO | 221 | 1.2% | 585 | 1.4% | 62 | 1.2% | 744 | 1.3% | ||
| POS | 1757 | 9.6% | 4018 | 9.4% | 442 | 8.8% | 5333 | 9.5% | ||
| PPO | 13,256 | 72.7% | 30,175 | 70.5% | 3636 | 72.7% | 39,795 | 71.0% | ||
| CDHP | 1460 | 8.0% | 4356 | 10.2% | 411 | 8.2% | 5405 | 9.6% | ||
| HDHP | 682 | 3.7% | 1741 | 4.1% | 157 | 3.1% | 2266 | 4.0% | ||
| Unknown | 611 | 3.3% | 1145 | 2.7% | 154 | 3.1% | 1602 | 2.9% | ||
| Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) score* | ||||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 0.33 | 0.68 | 0.25 | 0.59 | <0.0001 | 0.47 | 0.84 | 0.25 | 0.59 | <0.0001 |
| Number of pain conditions (based on the following six pain categories) | ||||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 1.36 | 1.27 | 0.96 | 1.08 | <0.0001 | 2.10 | 1.33 | 0.99 | 1.09 | <0.0001 |
| Number of patients with back/neck pain | ||||||||||
| Yes | 7108 | 39.0% | 11,760 | 27.5% | <0.0001 | 3119 | 62.4% | 15,749 | 28.1% | <0.0001 |
| No | 11,131 | 61.0% | 31,020 | 72.5% | 20,762 | 37.1% | 40,269 | 71.9% | ||
| Number of patients with joint pain/arthritis | ||||||||||
| Yes | 8165 | 44.8% | 14,904 | 34.8% | <0.0001 | 3082 | 61.6% | 19,987 | 35.7% | <0.0001 |
| No | 10,074 | 55.2% | 27,876 | 65.2% | 1919 | 38.4% | 36,031 | 64.3% | ||
| Number of patients with headache/migraine | ||||||||||
| Yes | 2674 | 14.7% | 3712 | 8.7% | <0.0001 | 1215 | 24.3% | 5171 | 9.2% | <0.0001 |
| No | 15,565 | 85.3% | 39,068 | 91.3% | 3786 | 75.7% | 50,847 | 90.8% | ||
| Number of patients with neuropathic pain | ||||||||||
| Yes | 1048 | 5.7% | 1443 | 3.4% | <0.0001 | 524 | 10.5% | 1967 | 3.5% | <0.0001 |
| No | 17,191 | 94.3% | 41,337 | 96.6% | 4477 | 89.5% | 54,051 | 96.5% | ||
| Number of patients with fibromyalgia | ||||||||||
| Yes | 1772 | 9.7% | 2141 | 5.0% | <0.0001 | 1031 | 20.6% | 2882 | 5.1% | <0.0001 |
| No | 16,467 | 90.3% | 40,639 | 95.0% | 3970 | 79.4% | 53,136 | 94.9% | ||
| Number of patients with other pain conditions (chest/visceral pain/wound/trauma) | ||||||||||
| Yes | 4018 | 22.0% | 7162 | 16.7% | <0.0001 | 1541 | 30.8% | 9639 | 17.2% | <0.0001 |
| No | 14,221 | 78.0% | 35,618 | 83.3% | 3460 | 69.2% | 46,379 | 82.8% | ||
| Number of mental health conditions (based on the following four mental health categories) | ||||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 0.54 | 0.85 | 0.29 | 0.65 | <0.0001 | 0.77 | 0.97 | 0.32 | 0.69 | <0.0001 |
| Number of patients with anxiety/depression | ||||||||||
| Yes | 5523 | 30.3% | 7302 | 17.1% | <0.0001 | 2049 | 41.0% | 10,776 | 19.2% | <0.0001 |
| No | 12,716 | 69.7% | 35,478 | 82.9% | 2952 | 59.0% | 45,242 | 80.8% | ||
| Number of patients with mood disorders | ||||||||||
| Yes | 3584 | 19.7% | 4464 | 10.4% | <0.0001 | 1363 | 27.3% | 6685 | 11.9% | <0.0001 |
| No | 14,655 | 80.3% | 38,316 | 89.6% | 3638 | 72.7% | 49,333 | 88.1% | ||
| Number of patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) | ||||||||||
| Yes | 280 | 1.5% | 230 | 0.5% | <0.0001 | 132 | 2.6% | 378 | 0.7% | <0.0001 |
| No | 17,959 | 98.5% | 42,550 | 99.5% | 4869 | 97.4% | 55,640 | 99.3% | ||
| Number of patients with substance-use disorder (SUD) | ||||||||||
| Yes | 386 | 2.1% | 243 | 0.6% | <0.0001 | 309 | 6.2% | 320 | 0.6% | <0.0001 |
| No | 17,853 | 97.9% | 42,537 | 99.4% | 4692 | 93.8% | 55,698 | 99.4% | ||
| Number of patients with prior opioid use | ||||||||||
| Yes | 10,738 | 58.9% | 16,945 | 39.6% | <0.0001 | 4666 | 93.3% | 23,017 | 41.1% | <0.0001 |
| No | 7501 | 41.1% | 25,835 | 60.4% | 335 | 6.7% | 33,001 | 58.9% | ||
| Number of patients with prior endometriosis-related surgery | ||||||||||
| Yes | 9326 | 51.1% | 21,967 | 51.3% | 0.6242 | 2149 | 43.0% | 29,144 | 52.0% | <0.0001 |
| No | 8913 | 48.9% | 20,813 | 48.7% | 2852 | 57.0% | 26,874 | 48.0% | ||
| Number of patients with pregnancy | ||||||||||
| Yes | 939 | 5.1% | 2477 | 5.8% | 0.0016 | 240 | 4.8% | 3176 | 5.7% | 0.0103 |
| No | 17,300 | 94.9% | 40,303 | 94.2% | 4761 | 95.2% | 52,842 | 94.3% | ||
SD = standard deviation.
*
CCI score was underestimated for some patients because of the intrinsic study design (i.e. patients with malignant neoplasms in the baseline were excluded from this study).