Table 4.
Associations between alcohol consumption trajectory and deaths from all causes, cancer and cardiovascular diseases (CVD), using Cox’s proportional hazard regression
| All causes | Cancer | CVDs | ||||
| HR (95% CI) | P value | HR (95% CI) | P value | HR (95% CI) | P value | |
| Alcohol consumption trajectory (vs consistent-occasional/mostly consistent-occasional drinkers) | ||||||
| Consistent-regular drinkers/ mostly consistent-regular drinkers | 1.53 (1.09 to 2.16) | 0.014 | 2.05 (1.13 to 3.74) | 0.019 | 0.74 (0.35 to 1.54) | 0.418 |
| Less regular/less occasion ex-drinkers | 0.89 (0.62 to 1.29) | 0.548 | 0.85 (0.42 to 1.69) | 0.635 | 0.86 (0.42 to 1.76) | 0.688 |
| Maintaining abstainers | 1.16 (0.48 to 2.80) | 0.749 | 0.48 (0.15 to 1.60) | 0.233 | 1.62 (0.19 to 13.44) | 0.656 |
| Level of drinking (lifetime abstainers) | ||||||
| Low-to-moderate drinkers | 1.08 (0.46 to 2.53) | 0.864 | 0.50 (0.16 to 1.54) | 0.228 | 1.65 (0.21 to 12.68) | 0.631 |
| Heavy drinkers | 1.03 (0.40 to 2.69) | 0.949 | 0.63 (0.17 to 2.28) | 0.478 | 1.05 (0.10 to 11.12) | 0.970 |
| Former drinkers | 1.67 (0.71 to 3.92) | 0.241 | 0.72 (0.23 to 2.27) | 0.576 | 1.41 (0.18 to 10.93) | 0.745 |
| Gender | ||||||
| Female (vs male) | 0.97 (0.59 to 1.60) | 0.912 | 1.22 (0.53 to 2.84) | 0.639 | 0.39 (0.11 to 1.32) | 0.129 |
| Age (year) | 1.10 (1.07 to 1.13) | <0.001 | 1.07 (1.02 to 1.12) | 0.007 | 1.12 (1.06 to 1.18) | <0.001 |
| Marital status (vs single) | ||||||
| Married | 0.79 (0.49 to 1.27) | 0.340 | 0.65 (0.32 to 1.35) | 0.247 | 1.65 (0.39 to 6.93) | 0.493 |
| Divorced/widowed/separated | 0.80 (0.41 to 1.58) | 0.529 | 0.61 (0.20 to 1.89) | 0.396 | 2.54 (0.47 to 13.73) | 0.278 |
| Education attainment (vs primary school) | ||||||
| High school | 0.94 (0.64 to 1.38) | 0.747 | 0.75 (0.37 to 1.51) | 0.418 | 0.38 (0.14 to 1.04) | 0.060 |
| Vocational school | 1.18 (0.80 to 1.73) | 0.408 | 1.07 (0.54 to 2.14) | 0.838 | 1.38 (0.65 to 2.90) | 0.405 |
| Bachelor school or higher | 0.88 (0.54 to 1.46) | 0.627 | 0.89 (0.37 to 2.13) | 0.787 | 0.99 (0.36 to 2.72) | 0.985 |
| Monthly Income (vs <5000 baht) | ||||||
| 5000–10 000 baht | 0.63 (0.44 to 0.89) | 0.010 | 0.53 (0.29 to 0.97) | 0.041 | 0.60 (0.29 to 1.26) | 0.175 |
| 10 000–20 000 baht | 0.44 (0.28 to 0.69) | <0.001 | 0.39 (0.18 to 0.86) | 0.020 | 0.28 (0.11 to 0.71) | 0.008 |
| >20 000 baht | 0.43 (0.21 to 0.90) | 0.025 | 0.80 (0.25 to 2.54) | 0.709 | 0.34 (0.08 to 1.45) | 0.145 |
| Smoking behaviour | ||||||
| Light smoker | 1.20 (0.77 to 1.85) | 0.417 | 0.82 (0.35 to 1.93) | 0.652 | 1.39 (0.55 to 3.49) | 0.489 |
| Heavy smoker | 2.36 (1.66 to 3.33) | <0.001 | 2.70 (1.48 to 4.91) | 0.001 | 2.98 (1.43 to 6.21) | 0.004 |
| Ex-smoker | 1.80 (1.22 to 2.65) | 0.003 | 1.29 (0.61 to 2.71) | 0.500 | 2.83 (1.30 to 6.18) | 0.009 |
| Average frequency of physical activity (time/week) | 1.03 (1.00 to 1.07) | 0.039 | 1.02 (0.95 to 1.09) | 0.616 | 1.03 (0.98 to 1.09) | 0.255 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 1.01 (0.99 to 1.02) | 0.302 | 1.00 (0.98 to 1.02) | 0.840 | 1.02 (1.00 to 1.05) | 0.037 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 1.02 (1.00 to 1.04) | 0.013 | 1.04 (1.00 to 1.07) | 0.025 | 0.99 (0.96 to 1.03) | 0.598 |
| Low-density lipoprotein | 1.00 (1.00 to 1.00) | 0.933 | 1.00 (1.00 to 1.01) | 0.592 | 1.00 (1.00 to 1.01) | 0.736 |
| High-density lipoprotein | 0.99 (0.98 to 1.01) | 0.356 | 1.00 (0.98 to 1.02) | 0.857 | 1.00 (0.98 to 1.03) | 0.813 |
| Body mass index | 1.05 (1.01 to 1.10) | 0.015 | 1.02 (0.95 to 1.10) | 0.523 | 1.12 (1.03 to 1.21) | 0.008 |
Bold values are statistically significant at p<0.05.