Table 2.
Characteristics of included screening tools and gold standard semi-structured diagnostic interviews examined
| Name | Abbrev. | Number of Items | Description | Time to Complete/Score |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gold standard semi-structured diagnostic interviews | ||||
| Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview | MINI | NA | A short, structured diagnostic interview, developed jointly by psychiatrists and clinicians in the United States and Europe, for DSM-IV and ICD-10 psychiatric disorders. | Administration: 15 min |
| Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (38) | SCID-I | NA | A semi-structured interview administered by a trained mental health professional familiar with DSM-IV Axis I diagnostic criteria. | Administration: 1–2 h |
| Screening tools | ||||
| Beck Depression Inventory II (13,39) | BDI-II | 21 | Widely used, validated self-report tool designed to assess depression severity in adolescents and adults. Most widely studied instrument in the kidney failure population. Closely mirrors DSM-IV criteria for major depressive disorder, and includes questions related to cognitive, affective, and somatic symptoms. | Respondent: 5–10 min Administrator: 5 min |
| Beck Depression Inventory II Fast Screen (40) | BDI-FS | 7 | Brief version of the BDI-II that excludes somatic symptoms. Designed to screen for major depressive disorder in medical patients. | Respondent: <5 min Administrator: <3 min, can be staff |
| Cognitive Depression Index (41) | CDI | 15 | A subset of the BDI-II (first 15 items), eliminating items related to somatic symptoms. It was developed for use in patients with CKD, with the goal of reducing the likelihood of the overdiagnosis of depression. | Respondent: 7–8 min Administrator: 5 min, These are estimates based on the BDI-II from which it is derived. |
| Center for Epidemiologic Studies–Depression Scale (16,39) | CES-D | 20 | Widely used, revised in 2004, evaluates depressive symptoms across four factors: depressive affect, well-being, somatic symptoms, and interpersonal relations. | Respondent: <10 min Administrator: <10 min (can be scored during administration) |
| Depression Inventory–Maintenance Hemodialysis (22) | DI-MHD | Developed specifically for patients with kidney failure. | Respondent: 5 min Administrator: no information yet available. | |
| Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (27) | ESASa | 1 | Single item that asks patients to rate depression from 0 (not depressed) to 10 (worst depression) (1). | Respondent: minimal Administrator: minimal |
| Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (20,42) | Ham-D | 17 | Assesses the frequency and intensity of depressive symptoms. Developed in 1960, and last revised in 1967 (20). | Administrator: 15–20 min |
| Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale–Depression Subscale (17) | HADS-D | 7 | Subscale of the 14-item HADS that includes ratings of physical, cognitive, and affective symptoms of depression (17). | Respondent: ≤5 min (for entire HADS including anxiety items) Administrator: 1–2 min |
| Geriatric Depression Scale-15 (18,39) | GDS-15 | 15 | Shortened version of the original 30-item GDS, assesses depressive symptoms in older adults, developed in 1982 (18,19). | Respondent: 2–5 min Administrator: 2 min |
| Kidney Disease Quality of Life Short Form - 36 (43) | KDQOL SF-36 | 1 | The KDQOL SF-36 is a self-report measure developed for patients with kidney disease on dialysis. Six-options ranging from “all of the time” to “none of the time.” The included study tests the use of two single questions. (1) “Have you felt so down in the dumps that nothing could cheer you up?” (2) “Have you felt downhearted and blue?” | Respondent: minimal Administrator: minimal |
| Mental Health Inventory 5 (44) | MHI5 | 5 | Also known as the mental health subscale of the SF-36. Six option Likert scale ranging from “all of the time” to “none of the time.” | Respondent: <5 min Administrator: minimal |
| Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (21,39) | PHQ-9 | 9 | Developed in 2001. Screen of depression and severity. Widely used in the United States and internationally (21). | Respondent: <3 min Administrator: minimal |
| Self-Reporting Questionnaire (45) | SRQ | 20 | Developed by the WHO to screen for a range of mental health disorders (45). | Respondent: “a few min” Administrator: 1 min, yes/no additive |
MINI, Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview; NA, not applicable; DSM-IV, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV; ICD-10, 10th revision of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems; SCID-I, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV; BDI-II, Beck Depression Inventory–II; BDI-FS, Beck Depression Inventory–Fast Screen; CDI, Cognitive Depression Index; CES-D, Center for Epidemiologic Studies–Depression Scale; DI-MHD, Depression Inventory–Maintenance Hemodialysis; ESAS, Edmonton Symptom Assessment System; Ham-D, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; HADS-D, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale–Depressive Subscale; GDS-15, Geriatric Depression Scale-15; KDQOL SF-36, Kidney Disease Quality of Life Short Form 36; SF-36, 36-item Short-Form Health Survey Questionnaire; MHI5, Mental Health Inventory 5; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire 9; SRQ, Self-Reporting Questionnaire; WHO, World Health Organization.
The ESAS is a ten-item scale. However, only one item applies to depression.