Table 3. Effect of the Association Between Physical Multimorbidity, Mental Health Conditions, and Socioeconomic Status on Work Productivity, HILDA Survey a , Australia, 2009, 2013, 2017.
| Characteristic | Labor Force Participation, AOR (95% CI)b | Retirement Age, Coeff (95% CI)c | Number of Sick Leave Days Taken, IRR (95%CI)d |
|---|---|---|---|
| Physical multimorbidity | 0.71 (0.69 to 0.74) | −0.16 (−0.25 to 0.07) | 1.24 (1.18 to 1.30) |
| Mental health condition | 0.62 (0.57 to 0.68) | −0.35 (−0.85 to 0.14) | 1.45 (1.27 to 1.64) |
| Physical health conditions × mental health conditionse | 0.93 (0.87 to 0.99) | 0.05 (−0.20 to 0.30) | 0.86 (0.75 to 0.98) |
| Survey wave no. | |||
| 9, 2009, n = 13, 284 | Reference | ||
| 13, 2013, n = 17, 459 | 0.85 (0.80 to 0.89) | 0.87 (0.55 to 1.20) | 0.96 (0.90 to 1.02) |
| 17, 2017, n = 17,527 | 0.88 (0.83 to 0.93) | 1.2 (0.86 to 1.54) | 1 (0.94 to 1.07) |
| Socioeconomic indexes for areasf | |||
| 5 | Reference | ||
| 4 | 1.22 (1.11 to 1.34) | −0.03 (−0.55 to 0.49) | 1.05 (0.96 to 1.14) |
| 3 | 1.07 (0.98 to 1.18) | 0.02 (−0.49 to 0.53) | 1.07 (0.98 to 1.16) |
| 2 | 0.94 (0.86 to 1.03) | −0.33 (−0.84 to 0.17) | 1.13 (1.04 to 1.23) |
| 1 | 0.76 (0.69 to 0.83) | −0.1 (−0.61 to 0.41) | 1.17 (1.07 to 1.28) |
| Sex | |||
| Male | Reference | ||
| Female | 0.53 (0.49 to 0.56) | −4.77 (−5.43 to −4.12) | 1.17 (1.11 to 1.23) |
| Age | 0.99 (0.98 to 0.99) | 0.1 (0.07 to 0.14) | 1.01 (1.00 to 1.01) |
| Educationg | |||
| Low education | Reference | ||
| Middle education | 2.65 (2.48 to 2.84) | 2.83 (2.09 to 3.57) | 1.42 (1.31 to 1.53) |
| High education | 4.23 (3.85 to 4.65) | 5.72 (4.85 to 6.59) | 1.61 (1.47 to 1.77) |
| Indigenous status | |||
| Non-Indigenous Australian | Reference | ||
| Indigenous Australian | 0.57 (0.49 to 0.66) | −1.28 (−4.85 to 2.29) | 1.24 (1.07 to 1.44) |
| Country of birth | |||
| Australia | Reference | ||
| Other English-speaking country (United Kingdom, New Zealand, Canada, United States, Ireland, or South Africa) | 0.97 (0.86 to 1.09) | 1.07 (0.23 to 1.90) | 0.94 (0.83 to 1.07) |
| All others | 0.59 (0.53 to 0.65) | −0.36 (−1.24 to 0.51) | 0.83 (0.76 to 0.91) |
| Marital status | |||
| Married/living together | Reference | ||
| Single, separated, divorced, or widowed | 0.71 (0.67 to 0.75) | −0.33 (−0.71 to 0.05) | 0.8 (0.76 to 0.86) |
| State | |||
| New South Wales | Reference | ||
| Victoria | 1.08 (1.00 to 1.17) | 0.27 (−0.50 to 1.03) | 1.04 (0.97 to 1.13) |
| Queensland | 1.13 (1.04 to 1.23) | −0.08 (−0.81 to 0.66) | 0.98 (0.91 to 1.06) |
| South Australia | 1.07 (0.95 to 1.19) | −0.17 (−1.21 to 0.87) | 1.03 (0.91 to 1.17) |
| Western Australia | 1.12 (0.99 to 1.26) | 0.93 (−0.13 to 1.99) | 0.99 (0.89 to 1.11) |
| Tasmania | 1.28 (1.07 to 1.52) | −0.03 (−1.47 to 1.41) | 1.03 (0.88 to 1.21) |
| Northern Territory | 2.74 (1.67 to 4.47) | −4.2 (−13.99 to 5.58) | 1.44 (1.13 to 1.84) |
| Australian Capital Territory | 1.23 (0.96 to 1.57) | NA | 1.51 (1.30 to 1.76) |
| Area | |||
| Urban | Reference | ||
| Rural | 0.87 (0.80 to 0.95) | 0.54 (0.03 to 1.06) | 0.8 (0.71 to 0.90) |
Abbreviations: AOR, adjusted odds ratio; HILDA, Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey; IRR, incidence rate ratio; NA, not applicable.
A nationally representative longitudinal survey that collects key information on economic and personal well-being, labor market dynamics, and family life in Australian households among individuals aged 15 years or over (16).
Respondents aged ≤65 who participated in the labor force, calculated by using generalized estimating equations with binomial family.
Respondents aged ≥65 who were retired from the labor force, calculated by using generalized estimating equations with Gaussian family.
Calculated by using generalized estimating equations with Gaussian family.
Physical and mental condition interaction: number of physical conditions and the presence of mental health conditions (binary).
Scale of 1 to 5 with 5 the highest. Socio Economic Indexes for Areas (SEIFA)is an index that ranks geographic areas across Australia according to relative socioeconomic advantage and disadvantage. SEIFA is based on 2011 social and economic census information (18).
Low level (year 11 and below), middle level (year 12, certificate ⅲ or ⅳ, diploma, advanced diploma), high level (bachelor or honors, graduate diploma, graduate certificate, post graduate).