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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Jul 1.
Published in final edited form as: Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2020 Jul;29(4):359–366. doi: 10.1097/MNH.0000000000000614

Figure 2: Kidney and cardiovascular effects of impaired phosphate and iron metabolism in CKD.

Figure 2:

(A) In CKD, hyperphosphatemia, iron deficiency and anemia lead to progressive alterations in kidney and heart morphology and function and induce the production of FGF23. Excess FGF23 also targets the heart and contributes to development of cardiovascular disease and mortality may aggravate kidney disease progression. (B) Simultaneous reductions in phosphate and correction of iron balance and anemia by iron based phosphate binders, such as ferric citrate (FC), decrease FGF23 production and lead to improvement of kidney and cardiovascular disease.