Table 2. Comparison of the outdoor and indoor snakebites bites by their person, place and time distribution in the preceding 12 months (n = 153).
| Characteristics | Type of bite, No. (%) | Level of significance | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Indoor | Outdoor | Total | ||
| Sex | ||||
| Males | 12 (35.3%) | 76 (63.9%) | 88 (57.5%) | X2 = 8.8; df = 1; p = 0.003 |
| Females | 22 (64.7%) | 43 (36.1%) | 65 (42.5%) | |
| Age category | ||||
| 1–19 | 9 (26.5%) | 16 (13.4%) | 25 (16.3%) | X2 = 1.5; df = 1; p = 0.2 |
| 20–39 | 13 (38.2%) | 47 (39.5%) | 60 (39.2%) | |
| 40–59 | 10 (29.4%) | 48 (40.3%) | 58 (37.9%) | |
| 60 and above | 2 (5.9%) | 8 (6.7%) | 10 (6.5%) | |
| Type of snake | ||||
| Venomous | ||||
| Russel viper | 1 (2.9%) | 15 (12.6%) | 16 (10.4%) | X2 = 0.45; df = 1; p = 0.5 |
| Krait | 2 (5.9%) | 2 (1.7%) | 4 (2.6%) | |
| Hump-nosed viper | 5 (14.7%) | 18 (15.1%) | 23 (15.0%) | |
| Non-venomous | 17 (50.0%) | 47 (39.5%) | 64 (41.8%) | |
| Not identified | 9 (26.5%) | 37 (31.1%) | 46 (30.1%) | |
| Site of the bite | ||||
| Lower limb | 25 (73.5%) | 96 (80.7%) | 121 (79.1%) | X2 = 0.8; df = 1; p = 0.4 |
| Upper limb | 8 (23.5%) | 22 (18.5%) | 30 (19.6%) | |
| Trunk | 1 (2.9%) | 1 (0.8%) | 2 (1.3%) | |
| Footwear (n = 121) * | ||||
| Barefooted | 24 (96.0%) | 64 (66.7%) | 88 (72.7%) | X2 = 13.1; df = 1; p<0.01 |
| Wearing slippers | 1 (4.0%) | 32 (33.3%) | 33 (27.3%) | |
| Clothing (n = 121) * | ||||
| Clothing up to ankles | 1 (4.0%) | 29 (30.2%) | 30 (24.8%) | X2 = 7.9; df = 1; p = 0.005 |
| Clothing up to knees | 18 (72.0%) | 27 (28.1%) | 45 (37.2%) | |
| Clothing above knees | 6 (24.0%) | 40 (41.7%) | 46 (38.0%) | |
| Place of occurrence | ||||
| Inside house | 32 (94.1%) | - | 33 (21.6%) | |
| In the home environment | 1 (2.9%) | 45 (37.8%) | 46 (30.1%) | |
| In the paddy field/chena | - | 27 (22.7%) | 27 (17.6%) | |
| In the neighbourhood | - | 32 (26.9%) | 32 (20.9%) | |
| Other places | 1 (2.9%) | 15 (12.6%) | 15 (9.8%) | |
| Activity engaged in during the bite | ||||
| While farming or harvesting | - | 11 (9.2%) | 11 (7.1%) | |
| Collecting firewood | - | 5 (4.2%) | 5 (3.3%) | |
| Bathing/cleaning | 3 (8.8%) | 11 (9.3%) | 14 (9.1%) | |
| Sleeping | 19 (55.9%) | 1 (0.8%) | 20 (13.1%) | |
| Walking | 4 (11.8%) | 62 (52.1%) | 66 (43.1%) | |
| Stationary (seated or standing) | 7 (20.6%) | 5 (4.2%) | 12 (7.8%) | |
| Playing outdoors | - | 2 (1.7%) | 2 (1.3%) | |
| While doing manual work | 1 (2.9%) | 18 (15.1%) | 19 (12.4%) | |
| Fishing | - | 2 (1.7%) | 2 (1.3%) | |
| Watering plants | - | 2 (1.7%) | 2 (1.3%) | |
| Month of year | ||||
| January—March | 16 (47.1%) | 55 (46.2%) | 71 (46.4%) | X2 = 2.9; df = 3; p = 0.4 |
| April—June | 1 (2.9%) | 15 (12.6%) | 16 (10.5%) | |
| July—September | 9 (26.5%) | 25 (21.0%) | 34 (22.2%) | |
| October—December | 8 (23.5%) | 24 (20.2%) | 32 (20.9%) | |
| Time of day | ||||
| Day time (6.00 am-6.00 pm) | 15 (44.1%) | 80 (67.2%) | 95 (62.1%) | X2 = 6; df = 1; p = 0.01 |
| Night-time (6.00 pm-6.00 am) | 19 (55.9%) | 39 (32.8%) | 58 (37.9%) | |
| Perceived adequacy of light | ||||
| Yes | 14 (41.2%) | 63 (52.9%) | 77 (50.3%) | X2 = 1.5; df = 1; p = 0.3 |
| No | 20 (58.8%) | 56 (47.0%) | 76 (49.7%) | |
| Total | 34 (100%) | 119 (100%) | 153 (100.0%) | |
*Only those who had lower limb bites.