Table 1. Comparison of baseline characteristics and treatment between survivors and non-survivors of the external validation group.
| Study population N = 1,634 | Missing observation (%) | Survivors N = 1,159 | Non-survivors N = 475 | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 68.8±13.4 | 0 | 66.1±13.5 | 75.6±10.6 | <0.001 |
| Sex, n (%) | 0 | 0.004 | |||
| Male | 1553 (95) | 1,090 (94) | 463 (97) | ||
| Female | 81 (5) | 69 (6) | 12 (3) | ||
| Race, n (%) | 0 | 0.24 | |||
| Caucasians | 772 (47) | 562 (48) | 210 (44) | ||
| Black | 699 (43) | 481 (42) | 218 (46) | ||
| Latinos | 163 (10) | 116 (10) | 47 (10) | ||
| BMI, kg/m2 | 28 (24–33) | 1.0 | 27 (23–32) | 29 (25–33) | <0.001 |
| Current smoker, n(%) | 171 (10) | 0 | 104 (9) | 67 (14) | 0.002 |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | |||||
| COPD | 404 (25) | 0 | 261 (23) | 143 (30) | 0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 801 (49) | 0 | 544 (47) | 257 (54) | 0.008 |
| Hypertension | 1208 (74) | 0 | 839 (72) | 369 (78) | 0.03 |
| CAD | 461 (28) | 0 | 290 (25) | 171 (36) | <0.001 |
| Heart failure | 299 (18) | 0 | 177 (15) | 122 (26) | <0.001 |
| Chronic renal failure | 111 (7) | 0 | 74 (6) | 37 (8) | 0.31 |
| CVD | 85 (5) | 0 | 49 (4) | 36 (41) | 0.006 |
| Liver cirrhosis | 65 (4) | 0 | 47 (4) | 18 (4) | 0.8 |
| HIV infection | 32 (2) | 0 | 22 (2) | 10 (2) | 0.784 |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index | 3 (1–6) | 0 | 2 (1–5) | 4(2–7) | <0.001 |
| ICU admission | 817 (50) | 0 | 462 (39) | 355 (74) | <0.001 |
| Signs and Symptoms, n(%) | |||||
| Fever | 1064 (65) | 0 | 764 (66) | 300 (63) | 0.29 |
| Cough | 530 (32) | 0 | 414 | 116 (24) | <0.001 |
| Dyspnea | 666 (41) | 0 | 463 | 203 (43) | 0.29 |
| Fatigue | 251 (15) | 0 | 177 | 74 (16) | 0.87 |
| Diarrhea | 165 (10) | 0 | 132 | 33 (7) | 0.007 |
| Laboratory results, n(%) | |||||
| WBC, x109/L | 6.2 (4.8–8.4) | 1.3 | 6 (4.7–8) | 6.7 (5.1–9.7) | <0.001 |
| Lymphocytes, x109/L | 0.88 (0.58–1.25) | 1.9 | 0.92 (0.62–1.3) | 0.77 (0.49–1.07) | <0.001 |
| Hemoglobin, g/L | 13.25 (11.7–14.6) | 9.7 | 13.6 (11.9–14.7) | 12.9 (11.4–14.5) | 0.2 |
| Platelets, x109/L | 179 (128–230) | 5.8 | 193 (150–246) | 161 (102–221) | <0.001 |
| Creatinine | 1.3 (1.0–1.9) | 0.1 | 1.21 (0.95–1.66) | 1.52 (1.1–2.5) | <0.001 |
| AST, U/L | 39 (26–58) | 6.7 | 37 (25–55) | 45 (29–71) | <0.001 |
| ALT, U/L | 29 (19–44) | 6.7 | 29 (1–44) | 29 (19–46) | 0.87 |
| Procalcitonin, ng/mL | 0.17 (0.08–0.46) | 9.1 | 0.13 (0.07–0.3) | 0.32 (0.13–1.21) | <0.001 |
| D-Dimer, ug/mL | 215 (1.57–617) | 18.7 | 183.5 (1.2–524.0) | 297.5 (2.7–868.5) | <0.001 |
| Treatment, n(%) | |||||
| Mechanical ventilation | 478 (29) | 0 | 190 (16) | 288 (61) | <0.001 |
| Remdesivir | 86 (5) | 0 | 64 (6) | 22 (5) | 0.46 |
| Hydroxychloroquine | 747 (46) | 0 | 493 (43) | 254 (53) | <0.001 |
| Interleukin6-inhibitor | 261 (16) | 0 | 182 (16) | 79 (17) | 0.64 |
| Vasopressors | 374 (23) | 0 | 144 (12) | 230 (48) | <0.001 |
| Complications | |||||
| ARDS | 263 (16) | 0 | 115 (9.9) | 148 (31) | <0.001 |
| Acute renal failure | 813 (49) | 0 | 472 (41) | 341 (72) | <0.001 |
| Septic shock | 530 (32) | 0 | 273 (24) | 257 (54) | <0.001 |
ARDS = Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
AST = Aspartate transaminase
ALT = Alanine transaminase
BMI = Body Mass Index
CAD = Coronary Artery Disease
CVD = Cerebrovascular Disease
COPD = Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease