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. 2020 Dec 15;11:593188. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2020.593188

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Copyright © 2020 Joshi, Stacy, Sumien, Ghorpade and Borgmann.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Key pro-inflammatory biomarkers gene expression remained comparable with acute and prolonged HIV-1 Tat induction in iTat mice. (A) IL-1β (B) TNF-α (C) CCL2, (D) IL-6, and (E) GFAP mRNA levels were measured in iTat and WT mouse brain tissues by real-time PCR. The WT mice (n = 7, open circles) and the iTat mice (n = 11, open squares) received acute induction by DOX i.p. injections, while the WT mice (n = 12–13, solid circles) and the iTat mice (n = 12–13, solid squares) received prolonged induction via DOX food. Each bar represents the mean ± SEM, *p < 0.050 for same Treatment Time comparisons between Strains, ^#p < 0.050 for same Strain comparisons across Treatment Time by two-way ANOVA using Treatment Time and Strain as variables.