Table 1.
Results of Multilevel Models Examining Between and Within-Person Associations of Perceived Stress (Predictor) and Memory Complaints (Outcome) across Waves (n = 391).
| Outcomes | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Frequency of Forgetting | Perceived 1-year Decline | Perceived 10-year Decline | |
| Predictors | b (SE) | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) |
| Time | 0.004 (0.007) |
1.09* (1.01 to 1.18) |
1.13*** (1.05 to 1.22) |
| Perceived Stress | |||
| Between-person Effect | .01* (.004) |
1.09*** (1.04 to 1.14) |
1.06** (1.02 to 1.11) |
| Between-person Effect*Age | −.002** (.001) |
||
| Within-person Effect | 0.004 (0.003) |
1.004 (0.97 to 1.04) |
1.01 (0.98 to 1.04) |
| Neuroticism | 0.01* (0.01) |
1.05*** (1.001 to 1.10) |
1.03 (.98 to 1.08) |
| Female (ref = male) | 0.13* (0.06) |
1.15 (0.67 to 1.97) |
1.76* (1.02 to 3.06) |
| Education (years) | 0.02 (0.01) |
1.12* (1.02 to 1.22) |
1.04 (.95 to 1.13) |
| Age (years) | −0.01 (0.01) |
0.93** (0.88 to 0.98) |
0.96 (0.91 to 1.01) |
| Black (ref = White) | −0.05 (0.07) |
0.73 (0.39 to 1.38) |
0.74 (0.40 to 1.37) |
| Income < $15,000 (ref = $15,001 – $30,000) | 0.14 (0.19) |
1.76 (0.66 to 4.73) |
1.46 (0.57 to 3.71) |
| Income >$30,000 (ref = $15,001 – $30,000) | 0.10 (0.10) |
1.63 (0.76 to 5.11) |
1.85 (.74 to 4.61) |
Note. All models were analyzed separately.
***
p ≤ .001,
**
p ≤ .01,
*
p ≤ .05,
†
p ≤ .10.