Overall bacterial (alpha) diversity in relation to asthma, atopy, and hay fever. Richness and Shannon index (H) were calculated using rarefied (minimum number of sequences across samples=8,182) OTU data. Error bars represent 95% confidence interval. Mean (95% CI) of alpha diversity measures by health outcomes are as follows: current asthma – richness 663.74 (654.60-672.89) and Shannon index 4.58 (4.51-4.66) for non-asthmatics, richness 670.35 (660.35-680.36) and Shannon index 4.58 (4.50-4.67) for asthmatics; current atopy – richness 670.02 (661.81-678.23) and Shannon index 4.61 (4.49-4.72) for non-atopics, richness 649.67 (641.18-658.16) and Shannon index 4.48 (4.35-4.6) for atopics; current atopy and asthma – richness 666.90 (657.20-676.60) and Shannon index 4.61 (4.55-4.67) for none, richness 642.30 (615.43-669.17) and Shannon index 4.41 (4.21-4.6) for atopy only, richness 676.22 (661.05-691.39) and Shannon index 4.60 (4.50-4.70) for asthma only, and richness 655.22 (631.4-679.03) and Shannon index 4.53 (4.36-4.69) for both; diagnosed hay fever – richness 671.68 (662.62-680.75) and Shannon index 4.60 (4.55-4.66) for individuals without hay fever, richness 657.20 (644.25-670.15) and Shannon index 4.54 (4.46-4.63) for individuals with hay fever. *indicates p-value<0.1; **indicates p-value<0.05.