Table 1.
Drosophila behaviors associated with each neurotransmitter.
| Neuro-transmitter | Drosophila behaviors *Indicates behaviors impacted by alcohol | References |
|---|---|---|
| Dopamine | Aggression | Alekseyenko et al., 2013 |
| Associative learning* | Tully and Quinn, 1985; Riemensperger et al., 2005 | |
| Aversive association* | Honjo and Furukubo-Tokunaga, 2009 | |
| Circadian rhythms | Allada and Chung, 2010 | |
| Locomotion* | Yellman et al., 1997; Pendleton et al., 2002; Kume et al., 2005; Kong et al., 2010; Strausfeld and Hirth, 2013 | |
| Male courtship behavior* | Liu et al., 2008; Hoopfer et al., 2015; Zhang et al., 2019 | |
| Memory removal | Berry et al., 2012 | |
| Multisensory processing | Wolff and Rubin, 2018 | |
| Olfactory learning and memory* | Cognigni et al., 2018 | |
| Reward signaling* | Liu C. et al., 2012; Yamagata et al., 2015 | |
| Salience-based decision making | Zhang et al., 2007 | |
| Sleep and arousal* | Foltenyi et al., 2007; Van Swinderen and Andretic, 2011; Strausfeld and Hirth, 2013 | |
| Octopamine | Aggression | Zhou et al., 2008 |
| Appetitive and aversive associative learning* | Iliadi et al., 2017 | |
| Egg-laying | Monastirioti et al., 1996 | |
| Locomotion* | Sombati and Hoyle, 1984; Saraswati et al., 2004 | |
| Male and female courtship behavior* | Zhou et al., 2012; Rezával et al., 2014 | |
| Odor processing* | Farooqui et al., 2003 | |
| Positive reinforcement for olfactory learning and memory* | Schwaerzel et al., 2003 | |
| Reward* | Hammer, 1993 | |
| Stress response | Hirashima et al., 2000; Chentsova et al., 2002 | |
| Tyramine | Flight behavior | Ryglewski et al., 2017 |
| Locomotion* | Sombati and Hoyle, 1984; Saraswati et al., 2004 | |
| Stress response | Chentsova et al., 2002 | |
| Male courtship behavior* | Huang et al., 2016 | |
| Serotonin | Aggression | Alekseyenko et al., 2010 |
| Associative learning* | Sitaraman et al., 2008 | |
| Circadian rhythms | Yuan et al., 2005 | |
| Depression-like behaviors | Ries et al., 2017 | |
| Hunger and feeding* | Albin et al., 2015; Majeed et al., 2016 | |
| Locomotion* | Silva et al., 2014; Majeed et al., 2016 | |
| Long-term memory formation* | Sitaraman et al., 2008; Scheunemann et al., 2018 | |
| Odor processing* | Ellen and Mercer, 2012 | |
| Sensory perception | Kaneko et al., 2017; Chakraborty et al., 2019 | |
| Sleep* | Liu et al., 2019 | |
| GABA | Associative olfactory learning* | Liu et al., 2007 |
| Labile memory | Pitman et al., 2011 | |
| Locomotion* | Leal and Neckameyer, 2002; Leal et al., 2004 | |
| Sleep length and onset* | Agosto et al., 2008; Chen et al., 2015 | |
| Sleep and memory consolidation* | Haynes et al., 2015 | |
| Acetylcholine | Aversive association* | Silva et al., 2015; Bielopolski et al., 2019 |
| Olfactory learning* | Barnstedt et al., 2016 | |
| Nicotine-induced locomotor changes | King et al., 2011; Fuenzalida–Uribe et al., 2013; Ren et al., 2015 | |
| Sleep promotion* | Aso et al., 2014b | |
| Glutamate | Olfactory habituation | Das et al., 2011 |
| Olfactory learning and memory* | Xia et al., 2005 | |
| Olfactory response* | Liu and Wilson, 2013 | |
| Sleep regulation* | Guo et al., 2016 | |
| Wake promotion* | Sitaraman et al., 2015; Zimmerman et al., 2017 |
Researchers are elucidating which neurotransmitters are involved in regulating the wide behavioral repertoire of Drosophila. Behaviors that could be impacted by or related to alcohol exposure are marked with an asterisk.