TABLE 2.
Descriptive statistics of the male participants separated into Reference Population (healthy participants aged ≤39 years), Healthy (healthy participants aged ≥40 years), and Heart Failure (patients with heart failure). Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation if not stated otherwise.
| Biomarkers | N | Reference population | N | Healthy | N | Heart failure | N | Total sample | Included in HD |
| Anthropometry | |||||||||
| Height (cm) | 83 | 179.76.7 | 190 | 175.97.2 | 64 | 175.35.7 | 337 | 176.77.0 | 0 |
| Body mass (kg) | 83 | 76.79.9 | 190 | 76.69.5 | 64 | 86.814.3 | 337 | 78.611.4 | 1 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 83 | 23.72.3 | 190 | 24.72.5 | 64 | 28.24.1 | 337 | 25.13.2 | 0 |
| WHR | 83 | 0.90.0 | 190 | 0.90.1 | 64 | 1.00.1 | 337 | 0.90.1 | 1 |
| Body fat (%) | 82 | 165 | 187 | 227 | 64 | 306 | 333 | 228 | 1 |
| Lean body mass (kg) | 82 | 64.78.1 | 187 | 59.87.4 | 64 | 60.57.5 | 333 | 61.17.9 | 0 |
| Skeletal muscle mass (kg) | 82 | 36.84.9 | 187 | 33.34.5 | 64 | 33.64.6 | 333 | 34.24.9 | 1 |
| Vascular and respiratory health | |||||||||
| Rest systolic BP (mmHg) | 83 | 12711 | 190 | 13113 | 64 | 12715 | 337 | 12913 | 0 |
| Rest diastolic BP (mmHg) | 83 | 748 | 190 | 818 | 64 | 7812 | 337 | 799 | 0 |
| HR at rest (bpm) | 83 | 6211 | 188 | 609 | 64 | 6313 | 335 | 6110 | 1 |
| baPWV (m/s) | 83 | 10.61.0 | 190 | 13.52.8 | 64 | 13.62.8 | 337 | 12.82.8 | 1 |
| CAVI | 83 | 6.20.9 | 190 | 8.91.6 | 64 | 9.31.6 | 337 | 8.31.9 | 1 |
| Preejection period (ms) | 83 | 96.817.7 | 189 | 104.515.7 | 62 | 122.127.6 | 334 | 105.920.6 | 1 |
| Ejection time LV (ms) | 83 | 301.716.4 | 190 | 308.721.6 | 64 | 301.934.0 | 337 | 305.723.6 | 1 |
| FVC | 78 | 5.70.8 | 177 | 4.50.9 | 50 | 3.90.8 | 305 | 4.71.1 | 1 |
| FEV1 | 78 | 4.50.6 | 177 | 3.40.7 | 50 | 3.00.7 | 305 | 3.60.9 | 0 |
| Blood testing | |||||||||
| NTproBNP (pg/mL) | 81 | 58.756.1 | 190 | 121.4295.3 | 63 | 539.8535.8 | 334 | 185.1365.7 | 0 |
| HbA1c (mg/dL) | 82 | 5.00.3 | 189 | 5.30.4 | 63 | 6.10.7 | 334 | 5.40.6 | 1 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 82 | 19035 | 190 | 22437 | 63 | 16538 | 335 | 20543 | 1 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 82 | 13280 | 190 | 12456 | 63 | 13486 | 335 | 12869 | 1 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 82 | 55.110.0 | 190 | 60.912.6 | 63 | 50.38.6 | 335 | 57.512.1 | 1 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 82 | 103.521.9 | 190 | 127.225.3 | 63 | 87.523.7 | 335 | 114.029.0 | 0 |
| C-reactive protein (mg/L) | 82 | 1.815.23 | 190 | 1.933.14 | 63 | 3.556.32 | 335 | 2.214.48 | 1 |
| Creatinine (mg/dl) | 82 | 0.890.13 | 190 | 0.920.17 | 63 | 1.130.45 | 335 | 0.950.26 | 1 |
| Cardiovascular endurance | |||||||||
| Peak V̇O2 (L/min) | 83 | 3.480.59 | 190 | 2.650.75 | 64 | 1.910.54 | 337 | 2.720.85 | 1 |
| Peak V̇O2 (mL/kg/min) | 83 | 45.97.7 | 190 | 35.09.9 | 64 | 22.16.1 | 337 | 35.211.7 | 1 |
| Peak V̇O2 (mL/kg leanmass/min) | 82 | 54.17.5 | 187 | 44.110.1 | 64 | 31.47.6 | 333 | 44.111.7 | 0 |
| Peak O2 pulse (mL/beat) | 83 | 18.72.7 | 183 | 16.73.3 | 64 | 15.33.7 | 330 | 16.93.4 | 1 |
| Peak workload (W) | 83 | 30061 | 190 | 22378 | 64 | 13947 | 337 | 22687 | 0 |
| V̇O2 at VT1 (mL/kg/min) | 83 | 26.16.3 | 190 | 21.06.3 | 63 | 13.64.3 | 336 | 20.97.2 | 1 |
| V̇O2 at VT1 (L/min) | 83 | 1.980.46 | 190 | 1.600.47 | 63 | 1.160.36 | 336 | 1.610.52 | 1 |
| PETCO2 at rest (mmHg) | 83 | 34.02.6 | 190 | 31.33.2 | 64 | 29.43.1 | 337 | 31.63.4 | 1 |
| PETCO2 at VT1 (mmHg) | 83 | 45.03.8 | 190 | 40.14.1 | 63 | 35.83.8 | 336 | 40.55.0 | 1 |
| V̇E/V̇CO2 slope | 83 | 35.05.5 | 190 | 37.56.8 | 64 | 42.08.5 | 337 | 37.77.2 | 1 |
| V̇E/V̇CO2 slope below VT2 | 83 | 26.63.9 | 163 | 30.55.1 | 64 | 37.38.0 | 310 | 30.96.6 | 1 |
| OUES (mL/min) | 83 | 3431628 | 190 | 2803767 | 64 | 2111619 | 337 | 2826829 | 1 |
| OUES (mL/min/kg) | 83 | 45.28.5 | 190 | 36.910.4 | 64 | 24.36.4 | 337 | 36.511.5 | 1 |
| % rel V̇O2 reduction 60 s post test | 71 | 33.66.7 | 185 | 28.68.5 | 63 | 23.18.8 | 319 | 28.68.8 | 1 |
| Slope linear V̇O2 off-kinetics (mL/min/s) | 71 | −22.38.1 | 185 | −15.67.5 | 63 | −10.05.0 | 319 | −16.08.2 | 1 |
| Peak Lac (mmol/L) | 68 | 11.12.0 | 173 | 7.72.6 | 59 | 4.71.6 | 300 | 7.83.1 | 1 |
| Peak V̇E (L/min) | 83 | 14828 | 190 | 11734 | 64 | 8928 | 337 | 11937 | 0 |
| Peak HR (bpm) | 83 | 1908 | 182 | 16321 | 64 | 13523 | 329 | 16526 | 1 |
| HRR 1 min (bpm) | 78 | −248 | 182 | −249 | 62 | −2210 | 322 | −239 | 1 |
| HRR 2 min (bpm) | 79 | −5914 | 182 | −5215 | 62 | −4819 | 323 | −5316 | 1 |
| Peak exercise systolic BP (mmHg) | 73 | 19118 | 167 | 19725 | 64 | 16931 | 304 | 18927 | 1 |
| Muscle strength/power | |||||||||
| CMJ peak power (kN) | 83 | 3.50.6 | 185 | 2.50.6 | 62 | 2.40.8 | 330 | 2.70.8 | 1 |
| CMJ height (m) | 83 | 0.300.05 | 185 | 0.190.06 | 62 | 0.140.06 | 330 | 0.210.08 | 1 |
| Hand grip strength (N) | 82 | 491.490.8 | 185 | 414.383.0 | 61 | 398.780.1 | 328 | 430.791.4 | 1 |
| Hand grip RFD (N/150 ms) | 82 | 327.478.0 | 185 | 273.782.1 | 61 | 203.862.0 | 328 | 274.187.4 | 1 |
| Isometric leg strength (kg) | 83 | 16131 | 189 | 13035 | 62 | 11831 | 334 | 13637 | 1 |
| Neuromuscular coordination | |||||||||
| COP path length (cm) | 83 | 25.06.9 | 182 | 44.525.9 | 60 | 48.320.8 | 325 | 40.223.4 | 1 |
| Gait speed (m/s) | 77 | 1.40.2 | 178 | 1.40.2 | 64 | 1.30.2 | 319 | 1.40.2 | 1 |
| Gait cadence (steps/minute) | 77 | 1107 | 178 | 1126 | 64 | 1108 | 319 | 1117 | 1 |
| Stride length (m) | 77 | 1.530.11 | 178 | 1.480.14 | 64 | 1.410.15 | 319 | 1.480.14 | 1 |
| Gait double support (%) | 77 | 22.12.7 | 178 | 22.02.9 | 64 | 22.43.7 | 319 | 22.13.0 | 1 |
| Gait asymmetry (%) | 77 | 2.42.3 | 178 | 2.93.4 | 64 | 2.72.8 | 319 | 2.73.1 | 1 |
| Physical activity | |||||||||
| Light physical activity (min/day) | 80 | 9328 | 183 | 9328 | 58 | 8836 | 321 | 9230 | 1 |
| Moderate physical activity (min/day) | 80 | 17952 | 183 | 15260 | 58 | 10758 | 321 | 15162 | 1 |
| Vigorous physical activity (min/day) | 80 | 1011 | 181 | 812 | 58 | 24 | 319 | 811 | 1 |
HD, health distance; BMI, body mass index; WHR, waste-to-hip ratio; BP, blood pressure; HR, heart rate; baPWV, brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity; CAVI, cardio–ankle vascular index; LV, left ventricular; FVC, forced vital capacity, FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 second; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high density lipoprotein; VO2max, maximal oxygen uptake; VT, ventilatory threshold; PETCO2, partial pressure of end-tidal CO2; VCO2, carbon dioxide output; VE, volume of expiration; OUES, oxygen uptake efficiency slope; Lac, lactate; HRR, heart rate recovery; CMJ, counter movement jump; RFD, rate of force development, COP, center of pressure.