Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of patients with type 2 diabetes and CKD at baseline, overall and by HbA1c categories in the U.S. (Geisinger Health System) cohort
| Covariates | Overall, N = 22,877 | <6% (42 mmol/mol), N = 3,038 (12.6%) | 6–6.9% (42–52 mmol/mol), N = 8,924 (37.3%) | 7–7.9% (53–63 mmol/mol), N = 6,256 (27.5%) | 8–8.9% (64–74 mmol/mol), N = 2,664 (12.5%) | ≥9% (75 mmol/mol), N = 1,995 (10.0%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (mean [SD]), years | 72 (10) | 71 (11) | 73 (10) | 73 (10) | 71 (10) | 68 (11) |
| Women | 12,500 (54.6) | 1,688 (55.6) | 4,995 (56.0) | 3,408 (54.5) | 1,390 (52.2) | 1,019 (51.1) |
| Black | 349 (1.5) | 41 (1.3) | 114 (1.3) | 93 (1.5) | 40 (1.5) | 61 (3.1) |
| Diabetic retinopathy | 2,245 (9.8) | 194 (6.4) | 658 (7.4) | 629 (10.1) | 400 (15.0) | 364 (18.2) |
| Diabetic neuropathy | 4,315 (18.9) | 495 (16.3) | 1,393 (15.6) | 1,226 (19.6) | 648 (24.3) | 553 (27.7) |
| Recent history of hypoglycemia (1 year prior) | 282 (1.2) | 59 (1.9) | 105 (1.2) | 56 (0.9) | 40 (1.5) | 22 (1.1) |
| Hypertension | 20,632 (90.2) | 2,756 (90.7) | 8,089 (90.6) | 5,614 (89.7) | 2,395 (89.9) | 1,778 (89.1) |
| Myocardial infarction | 2,778 (12.1) | 329 (10.8) | 952 (10.7) | 814 (13.0) | 402 (15.1) | 281 (14.1) |
| Heart failure | 5,303 (23.2) | 718 (23.6) | 1,799 (20.2) | 1,443 (23.1) | 761 (28.6) | 582 (29.2) |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 3,628 (15.9) | 500 (16.5) | 1,436 (16.1) | 968 (15.5) | 409 (15.4) | 315 (15.8) |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 2,960 (12.9) | 339 (11.2) | 1,111 (12.4) | 837 (13.4) | 377 (14.2) | 296 (14.8) |
| Cancer | 4,671 (20.4) | 742 (24.4) | 1,909 (21.4) | 1,230 (19.7) | 485 (18.2) | 305 (15.3) |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 6,528 (28.5) | 960 (31.6) | 2,566 (28.8) | 1,659 (26.5) | 760 (28.5) | 583 (29.2) |
| Liver disease | 1,755 (7.7) | 389 (12.8) | 640 (7.2) | 378 (6.0) | 181 (6.8) | 167 (8.4) |
| Hepatitis C | 180 (0.8) | 48 (1.6) | 59 (0.7) | 28 (0.4) | 20 (0.8) | 25 (1.3) |
| AKI history | 2,791 (12.2) | 524 (17.2) | 940 (10.5) | 636 (10.2) | 346 (13.0) | 345 (17.3) |
| Insulin | 4,484 (19.6) | 350 (11.5) | 1,049 (11.8) | 1,382 (22.1) | 873 (32.8) | 830 (41.6) |
| Oral antidiabetic drugs | 12,963 (56.7) | 1,709 (56.3) | 5,307 (59.5) | 3,561 (56.9) | 1,420 (53.3) | 966 (48.4) |
| Metformin | 8,357 (36.5) | 1,072 (35.3) | 3,535 (39.6) | 2,343 (37.5) | 877 (32.9) | 530 (26.6) |
| Metformin monotherapy | 3,733 (16.3) | 683 (22.5) | 1,975 (22.1) | 778 (12.4) | 189 (7.1) | 108 (5.4) |
| Sulfonylurea | 6,609 (28.9) | 731 (24.1) | 2,439 (27.3) | 1,988 (31.8) | 893 (33.5) | 558 (28.0) |
| Other (composite of below) | 3,010 (13.2) | 329 (10.8) | 1,057 (11.8) | 957 (15.3) | 379 (14.2) | 288 (14.4) |
| Thiazolidinediones | 1,170 (5.1) | 122 (4.0) | 453 (5.1) | 382 (6.1) | 132 (5.0) | 81 (4.1) |
| α-Glucosidase inhibitors | 75 (0.3) | 8 (0.3) | 27 (0.3) | 25 (0.4) | 7 (0.3) | 8 (0.4) |
| Glinides | 566 (2.5) | 61 (2.0) | 186 (2.1) | 178 (2.8) | 84 (3.2) | 57 (2.9) |
| GLP-1ra | 263 (1.1) | 28 (0.9) | 73 (0.8) | 82 (1.3) | 42 (1.6) | 38 (1.9) |
| DPP-4i | 1,573 (6.9) | 174 (5.7) | 546 (6.1) | 509 (8.1) | 191 (7.2) | 153 (7.7) |
| SGLT2i | 180 (0.8) | 12 (0.4) | 51 (0.6) | 47 (0.8) | 40 (1.5) | 30 (1.5) |
| ACEi/ARBs | 12,051 (52.7) | 1,503 (49.5) | 4,879 (54.7) | 3,347 (53.5) | 1,339 (50.3) | 983 (49.3) |
| Non–potassium-sparing diuretics | 9,759 (42.7) | 1,217 (40.1) | 3,849 (43.1) | 2,648 (42.3) | 1,145 (43.0) | 900 (45.1) |
| Potassium-sparing diuretics | 1,678 (7.3) | 215 (7.1) | 677 (7.6) | 413 (6.6) | 207 (7.8) | 166 (8.3) |
| Other antihypertensives | 15,446 (67.5) | 1,996 (65.7) | 6,151 (68.9) | 4,215 (67.4) | 1,748 (65.6) | 1,336 (67.0) |
| eGFR categories | ||||||
| G1 | 85 (0.4) | 13 (0.4) | 28 (0.3) | 25 (0.4) | 7 (0.3) | 12 (0.6) |
| G2 | 2,394 (10.5) | 392 (12.9) | 936 (10.5) | 604 (9.7) | 253 (9.5) | 209 (10.5) |
| G3a | 14,059 (61.5) | 1,747 (57.5) | 5,691 (63.8) | 3,946 (63.1) | 1,548 (58.1) | 1,127 (56.5) |
| G3b | 4,773 (20.9) | 612 (20.1) | 1,732 (19.4) | 1,304 (20.8) | 658 (24.7) | 467 (23.4) |
| G4 | 1,396 (6.1) | 228 (7.5) | 483 (5.4) | 342 (5.5) | 180 (6.8) | 163 (8.2) |
| G5 | 170 (0.7) | 46 (1.5) | 54 (0.6) | 35 (0.6) | 18 (0.7) | 17 (0.9) |
| Albuminuria categories | ||||||
| Normal to mild | 10,512 (59.3) | 1,393 (62.3) | 4,533 (64.9) | 2,868 (58.7) | 1,071 (51.2) | 647 (42.5) |
| Moderate | 5,085 (28.7) | 616 (27.6) | 1,838 (26.3) | 1,456 (29.8) | 655 (31.3) | 520 (34.1) |
| Severe | 2,115 (11.9) | 226 (10.1) | 610 (8.7) | 558 (11.4) | 365 (17.5) | 356 (23.4) |
| Total cholesterol (mean [SD]), mmol/L | 4.4 (1.1) | 4.3 (1.1) | 4.4 (1.1) | 4.4 (1.1) | 4.5 (1.2) | 4.8 (1.4) |
| LDL-C (mean [SD]), mmol/L | 2.8 (1.0) | 2.7 (1.0) | 2.8 (0.9) | 2.8 (1.0) | 2.9 (1.0) | 3.1 (1.2) |
| Primary care visits in the 6 months prior (median [IQI]) | 2 (1–4) | 2 (1–4) | 2 (1–4) | 2 (1–3) | 2 (1–4) | 2 (1–4) |
| Outpatient visits in the 6 months prior (median [IQI]) | 4 (2–7) | 4 (2–8) | 4 (2–7) | 4 (2–7) | 4 (2–7) | 4 (2–7) |
| Inpatient visits in the 6 months prior (median [IQI]) | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–0) |
Data are n (%) unless otherwise indicated. DPP-4i, dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor; GLP-1ra, glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist; SGLT2i, sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor.