Table 5.

Tropism and viral receptor for each virus.

Virus	Tropism	Viral receptor
CMV	Vascular endothelial cells, DCs, MΦ, smooth muscle, retinal pigment epithelial cells, trophoblast cells, hepatocytes, and brain cells. In cultured cells, the growth of CMV is limited to fibroblasts [4]. There have been cases in which CMV proliferated during culture of MSC [5]	Heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans, integrins, epidermal growth factor receptors
HTLV-1	Wide range of cells expressing GLUT-1 [6]	GLUT-1
WNV	Various primary cells, cell lines in culture Monocytes, MΦ, DCs, endothelial cells, and neurons in humans and mice [7]	Not identified
HIV	CD4+ T cells, MΦ [8]	CD4, CXCR4, CCR5
HBV	Hepatocytes	Sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) [9]
HCV	Hepatocytes	Heparan sulfate proteoglycan, CD81, Scavenger Receptor class B type I (SR-B1), claudin-1 (CLDN-1) [10]