Myogenic differentiation |
Drost et al. |
added 5-azacytidine into the medium |
Partial BM-MSCs differentiated into muscle cells and expressed corresponding markers. |
[68,69] |
Jung et al. |
injected BM-MSCs directly into pericardial space of mice |
BM-MSCs could differentiate into cardiomyocytes and replace injured tissues, but the differentiation rate still needed to be improved. |
[70] |
Muguruma et al. |
cultured BM-MSCs in myogenic medium (containing 5% FCS, VEGF, bFGF, and IGF-1) |
The efficiency of inducing BM-MSCs to differentiate into cardiomyocytes only by some biological factors or chemical reagents was very low. |
[71] |
Dreyfus et al. |
injected BM-MSCs directly into B6 mice which received radiotherapy before BM-MSCs transplantation |
Only a small amount of endogenous BM-MSCs can migrate from bone marrow to injured muscles and it is far from the expectations. |
[72] |
Egusa et al. |
regulated arrangement direction of BM-MSCs in myogenic medium |
The myogenic differentiation of BM-MSCs could be greatly enhanced by adjusting the cell arrangement direction. |
[74] |
Neurogenic differentiation |
Fu et al. |
seeded BM-MSCs in NSC conditioned medium |
About 8% of BM-MSCs had ability to generate neurospheres. |
[80] |
Hermann et al. |
plated cells on poly-l-lysine coated glass cover slips in Neurobasal® medium containing several inducing factors. |
BM-MSCs were able to effectively converted into neural stem cell-like population with neurosphere-like structures. |
[81,82] |
Li et al. |
seeded BM-MSCs in 50 Hz electromagnetic field |
More BM-MSCs could differentiate into neurons in this special environment than that in normal condition. |
[83] |
Deng et al. |
added EGF, bFGF and VEGF into medium |
A large amount of BM-MSCs differentiated into neural cells. |
[84,85] |
Angiogenic differentiation |
Wang et al. |
added VEGF, bFGF, IGF-1 and EGF into medium |
The differentiation efficiency of BM-MSCs into ECs was increased to 60%. |
[93] |
Oswald et al. |
added 50 ng/ml VEGF into medium |
Tiny amount of BM-MSCs could differentiate into ECs. |
[44] |
Lu et al. |
added S1P and VEGF into medium |
Many ECs appeared and new capillary networks could be observed in tissues. |
[94] |