Table 1.

A summary of the multi-directional differentiation potential of BM-MSCs in skeletal muscle regeneration.

Differentiation direction	Authors	Induction method	Outcome	Ref
Myogenic differentiation	Drost et al.	added 5-azacytidine into the medium	Partial BM-MSCs differentiated into muscle cells and expressed corresponding markers.	[68,69]
	Jung et al.	injected BM-MSCs directly into pericardial space of mice	BM-MSCs could differentiate into cardiomyocytes and replace injured tissues, but the differentiation rate still needed to be improved.	[70]
	Muguruma et al.	cultured BM-MSCs in myogenic medium (containing 5% FCS, VEGF, bFGF, and IGF-1)	The efficiency of inducing BM-MSCs to differentiate into cardiomyocytes only by some biological factors or chemical reagents was very low.	[71]
	Dreyfus et al.	injected BM-MSCs directly into B6 mice which received radiotherapy before BM-MSCs transplantation	Only a small amount of endogenous BM-MSCs can migrate from bone marrow to injured muscles and it is far from the expectations.	[72]
	Egusa et al.	regulated arrangement direction of BM-MSCs in myogenic medium	The myogenic differentiation of BM-MSCs could be greatly enhanced by adjusting the cell arrangement direction.	[74]
Neurogenic differentiation	Fu et al.	seeded BM-MSCs in NSC conditioned medium	About 8% of BM-MSCs had ability to generate neurospheres.	[80]
	Hermann et al.	plated cells on poly-l-lysine coated glass cover slips in Neurobasal® medium containing several inducing factors.	BM-MSCs were able to effectively converted into neural stem cell-like population with neurosphere-like structures.	[81,82]
	Li et al.	seeded BM-MSCs in 50 Hz electromagnetic field	More BM-MSCs could differentiate into neurons in this special environment than that in normal condition.	[83]
	Deng et al.	added EGF, bFGF and VEGF into medium	A large amount of BM-MSCs differentiated into neural cells.	[84,85]
Angiogenic differentiation	Wang et al.	added VEGF, bFGF, IGF-1 and EGF into medium	The differentiation efficiency of BM-MSCs into ECs was increased to 60%.	[93]
	Oswald et al.	added 50 ng/ml VEGF into medium	Tiny amount of BM-MSCs could differentiate into ECs.	[44]
	Lu et al.	added S1P and VEGF into medium	Many ECs appeared and new capillary networks could be observed in tissues.	[94]