Table 2.

A summary of the advantages of biomaterials

Types of biomaterials	Subtypes of biomaterials	Authors	Advantages or function of biomaterials	Ref
Hydrogels	-	Hoffman et al	-drug delivery system -cell carrier -avoiding immune attack on cells	[106,107]
		Kim et al	-filling the morphological defects of tissues -forming ecological niches for cell survival	[[108], [109], [110]]
	alginate hydrogels	Borselli et al	-continuously releasing myogenic and angiogenic factors -promoting cell migration -enhancing the contractile force of injured muscle fibers -reducing tissue fibrosis -self-degradation	[111,112]
	GPT hydrogels	Hwang et al	-continuously releasing bFGF -promoting neovascularization and activating biological activity of ECs	[113,114]
	PRP hydrogels	Amable et al	-continuously releasing cytokines in serum -being beneficial to cell survival, migration and differentiation -maintaining or stimulating the function of BM-MSCs	[[115], [116], [117], [118], [119], [120]]
	hyaluronic acid based photopolymerization hydrogels	Rossi et al	-enriching cell niches -promoting the formation of new blood vessels and nerves	[121]
ECM	-	Wolf et al	-promoting cell proliferation and differentiation -guaranteeing the stability of microenvironment	[122,123]
	3D-ECM of skeletal muscle	Panyam et al	-providing a platform for regenerative tissues -building a microenvironment similar to the body -immune exemption	[99,[124], [125], [126], [127], [128]]
	ECM of porcine small intestinal submucosa	Mase et al	-promoting the formation of new muscle fibers -immune exemption	[129]
Preformed scaffolds	Collagen	Liu et al	-low immunogenicity -self-degradation -good biocompatibility	[[130], [131], [132]]
	synthetic scaffolds with porous structures	Kim et al	-being beneficial to cell colonization -promoting neovascularization and myoblast growth -self-degradation -porous structures and shape diversity	[[133], [134], [135], [136], [137], [138]]
	directional aligned electrospun membranes	Choi et al	-promoting myotube growth -excellent mechanical properties	[139,140]
		Aviss et al	-absorbing protein from the environment and stimulating myotube growth	[141]
		Bian et al	-improving the myogenic ability of cells and forming longer myotube by imprinting submicron grooves	[[142], [143], [144]]