FIGURE 3.

General strategies utilized for NP (liposomes, polymeric NPs, inorganic NPs, and exosomes) targeting the EMT pathway. For liposomes and polymeric NPs, this primarily involves active targeting via surface-bound ligands (typically proteins) followed by release of an encapsulated API. On the other hand, inorganic NPs and exosomes involve innate inhibition via their intrinsic physiochemical properties. Altogether, this leads to inhibition of key EMT biomarkers and subsequent reduction in fibrosis.