Table 1.
Characteristics of women enrolled in the case control study in Bangladesh. (n,%).
| Variable | Case (n = 98) | Control (n = 98) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal age (years) (SD) (range) | 25·3 (5.2)(17–35) | 25.5(4.8)(18–38) | 0.754 |
| Gestational age (completed weeks) | |||
| <34 weeks 34–36 weeks 37–38 weeks 39≥ weeks |
50 (51·0) 32 (32·7) 6 (6·1) 10 (10·2) |
0 (0) 0 (0) 35 (35·7) 63 (64·3) |
<0·001 |
| Multiple gestation | 5 (10.4) | 2 (3.6) | 0·244 |
| Parity (n,%) | |||
| 0 1 2 3+ |
55 (56.1) 23 (23·5) 15 (15·3) 5 (5·1) |
39 (39·8) 29 (29·6) 27 (27·6) 3 (3·1) |
0·062 |
| Pre-existing conditions before pregnancy | |||
| diabetes chronic hypertension renal disease liver disease other* |
0 5 (5·1) 0 0 2 (2·0) |
0 2 (2·0) 0 0 4 (4·0) |
- 0.248 - - 0.407 |
| Preeclampsia diagnosis by enrolling provider | |||
| Mild preeclampsia Severe preeclampsia HELLP Eclampsia Preeclampsia uncategorized |
1 (1·0) 22 (22·4) 8 (8·2) 39 (39·8) 28 (28·6) |
- - - - - |
- - - - - |
| Signs and symptoms at time of diagnosis | |||
| Elevated BP Proteinuria Headache Changes in vision Abdominal pain Nausea/vomiting Seizure |
96 (98·0) 94 (95·9) 74 (75·5) 65 (66·3) 1 (1·0) 29 (29·6) 39 (39·8) |
- - - - - - - |
- - - - - - - |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) at time of diagnosis | |||
| ≤139 140–159 ≥160 |
8 (8·2) 33 (33·7) 57 (58·2) |
- - - |
- - - |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) at time of diagnosis | |||
| ≤89 90–109 ≥110 |
10 (10·2) 36 (36·7) 52 (53·1) |
- - - |
- - - |
| Proteinuria at time of diagnosis | |||
| Nil or Trace +1 +2 ≥+3 |
10 (10·2) 10 (10·2) 8 (8·2) 70 (71·4) |
- - - - |
- - - - |
| Received MgSO4 ≤6 h preceding enrollment | 90 (91·8) | – | – |
| Received antihypertensive drug ≤6 h hours preceding enrollment | 98 (100·0) | – | – |
| Mode of delivery | 0·115 | ||
| Vaginal delivery Forceps or vacuum delivery C-section |
48 (49·0) 0 50 (51·0) |
35 (35·7) 1 (1·0) 62 (63·3) |
|
| Complications of labor and delivery | |||
| Uterine hyperstimulation FHR abnormality Uterine rupture Placental abruption Diagnosis of PPH (>500 ml) Manual removal of placenta Blood products (blood plasma, platelets or red blood cells) Severe hypertension (single systolic BP≥160 or diastolic BP≥110) after enrolment Hypovolemic shock |
0 0 0 1 (1·0) 1 (1·0) 0 34 (34·3) 0 0 |
1 (1·0) 5 (5·1) 0 1 (1·0) 0 0 14 (14·3) 0 1 (1·0) |
0·316 0·024 - 1·00 0·316 - 0·001 - 0·316 |
| Seizure after admission to labor and delivery | 4 (4·0) | 0 | 0.043 |
| HELLP syndrome | 7 (7·1) | 0 | 0·007 |
| Pulmonary edema | 2 (2·0) | 0 | 0·155 |
| DIC based on clinical assessment | 1 (1·0) | 0 | 0·316 |
| Received MgSO4 at time of delivery | 48 (49·0) | 1 (1·0) | <0·001 |
| Received antihypertensive drugs at time of delivery | 81 (81·6) | 2 (2·0) | <0·001 |
| Admission to ICU up to discharge | 5 (5·1) | 1 (1·0) | 0·097 |
| Indication for admission to ICU | |||
| Uncontrolled hypertension HELLP Postpartum eclampsia, DIC Cardiac arrest Postpartum cardiomyopathy Total abdominal hysterectomy/hypovolemic shock |
1 (1·0) 1 (1·0) 1 (1·0) 1 (1·0) 1 (1·0) 0 |
0 0 0 0 0 1 (1·0) |
|
| Maternal death | 1 (1·0) | 0 | 0·316 |
| Delivery outcomea Live birth Stillborn |
n = 103 58 (56·3) 45 (43·7) |
n = 99 96 (96·9) 3 (3·1) |
<0.001 |
| Neonatal morbiditya | |||
| Apgar<7 at 5 min Meconium-stained liquor (any grade) Neonatal convulsions Clinically diagnosed birth asphyxia Clinically diagnosed septicemia Other |
1 (1·7) 2 (3·1) 1 (1·0) 3 (3·1) 0 1 |
0 0 0 0 0 3 (3·1) |
|
| Baby admitted to special care nurserya | 30 (30·6) | 5 (5·2) | <0·001 |
| Baby given oxygena | 24 (24·5) | 4 (4·1) | <0·001 |
| Neonatal deaths prior to dischargea | 8 (8·1) | 0 | <0·001 |
Abbreviations: BP=Blood pressure, MgSO4=magnesium sulfate, FHR=fetal heart rate, PPH=postpartum hemorrhage (>500 ml blood loss), DIC=Disseminated intravascular coagulation,ICU=intensive care unit. Pulmonary edema defined as oxygen saturation <90% and an abnormal chest x-ray.
a
Sample size of babies is 103 born to women in the case group and 99 babies born to women in the control group due to loss to follow-up (n = 1) and multiple pregnancies (case: 5; control: 2).