Table 2.

Color of fruits and vegetables, select phytochemicals, and physiological effects.

Color	Fruits	Vegetables	Select phytochemicals	Physiological effects
Red	Apples Blood oranges Cherries Cranberries Lingonberries Nectarines Pink grapefruit Pomegranate Raspberries Red currants Red pears Red plums Strawberries Watermelon	Radicchio Radishes Red beets Red bell peppers Red cabbage Red chard Red jalapeño pepper Red onion Red potatoes Tomatoes	Anthocyanins Carotenoids Ellagic acid Ellagitannins Fisetin Flavones Lycopene Phloretin Quercetin	(i) Anti-inflammatory (ii) General antioxidant activity (iii) Immune modulation
Orange	Apricots Blood oranges Cantaloupe Kumquat Mandarins Mangoes Nectarines Oranges Papaya Passion fruit Peaches Persimmons Tangerines	Carrots Orange bell peppers Pumpkin Sweet potatoes Turmeric Yams	Alpha-carotene Beta-carotene Beta-cryptoxanthin Bioflavonoids Carotenoids Curcuminoids	(i) Antioxidant for fat-soluble tissues (ii) Endocrine modulation (iii) Role in ovulation and fertility processes
Yellow	Apples (golden delicious) Asian pears Bananas Lemons Pineapple Star fruit	Corn Ginger Potatoes (Yukon) Squash (acorn, buttercup, butternut, summer, winter) Yellow bell peppers Yellow onions	Bioflavonoids Bromelain Gingerol Lutein Nobiletin Prebiotic fibers Rutin Zeaxanthin	(i) Antioxidant (ii) Enzymatic activity (iii) Gastric motility and regulation (iv) Reduce glycemic impact (v) Role in fostering a healthy gut microbiome
Green	Avocado Brussels sprouts Green tea Green apples Limes Olives Pears	Artichokes Asparagus Bamboo sprouts Bean sprouts Bell peppers Bitter melon Bok choy Broccoli Broccolini Cabbage Celery Cucumbers Edamame Green beans Green peas Greens (beet, chard, collards, dandelion, kale, lettuce, mustard, spinach, turnip) Okra Rosemary and other herbs Snow peas Watercress	Catechins Chlorogenic acid Chlorophyll Epigallocatechin gallate Flavonoids Folates Glucosinolates Isoflavones Isothiocyanates L-theanine Nitrates Oleocanthal Oleuropein Phytosterols Silymarin Sulforaphane Tannins Theaflavins Tyrosol Vitexin	(i) Antioxidant (ii) Blood vessel support (iii) Role in healthy circulation and methylation
Blue-purple	Blackberries Blueberries Boysenberries Figs Huckleberries Prunes Purple grapes Raisins	Eggplant Plums Purple bell peppers Purple cabbage Purple carrots Purple cauliflower Purple kale Purple potatoes	Anthocyanidins Flavonoids Phenolic acids Proanthocyanidins Pterostilbene Resveratrol Stilbenes	(i) Antioxidant (ii) Cognitive support (iii) Healthy mood balance (iv) Role in neuronal health