Table 1.

Overview of the results of a systematic review on helminth infections in fish in Vietnam.

Parasite				North						Central						South
Type				Fresh		Marine		Brackish		Fresh		Marine		Brackish		Fresh		Marine
Trematodes				W	C	W	C	W	C	W	C	W	C	W	C	W	C	W	C
Order	Family	Species	Synonyms
Trematoda
Aspidogastrida	Aspidogastridae	Aspidogaster decatis	Aspidogaster enneatus	x
		Aspidogaster limacoides	Aspidogaster donicum												x
Azygiida	Isoparorchiidae	Isoparorchis hypselobagri	Distomum hypselobagri	x
Diplostomida	Aporocotylidae	Nomasanguinicola canthoensis														x
		Psettarium anthicum	Cardallagium anthicum										x
	Diplostomidae	Diplostomum spp.	Hemistomum spp.; Proalaria spp.; Monocerca spp.				x
		Posthodiplostomum sp.	Choanouvulifer sp.	x
	Strigeidae	Nematostrigea vietnamiense	Prodiplostomulum vietnamiense													x
		Nematostrigea sp.								x
Plagiorchiida	Acanthocolpidae	Acanthocolpus liodorus	Acanthocolpus guptai; Acanthocolpus inglisi; Acanthocolpus luehei; Acanthocolpus luhei; Acanthocolpus manteri; Acanthocolpus microtesticulus			x
		Acanthocolpus luhei	Acanthocolpus liodorus			x
		Pleorchis hainanensis				x
		Pleorchis sciaenae	Pleorchis ghanensis; Pleorchis psettodesai; Pleorchis puriensis			x
		Stephanostomoides dorabi	Stephanostomoides tenuis			x
		Stephanostomum spp.	Echinostephanus spp.; Lechradena spp.; Monorchistephanostomum spp.; Stephanochasmus spp.			x	x					x
		Stephanostomum bicoronatum	Distomum bicoronatum; Stephanochasmus bicoronatus			x
		Stephanostomum ditrematis	Echinostephanus ditrematis; Stephanostomum longisomum; Stephanostomum seriolae			x
		Tormopsolus sp.										x
	Aephnidiogenidae	Aephnidiogenes barbarus	Aephnidiogenes isagi			x
	Apocreadiidae	Homalometron sp.	Anallocreadium spp.; Apocreadium spp.; Austrocreadium spp.; Barbulostomum spp.			x
	Azygiidae	Azygia hwangtsiyui	Azygia amuriensis	x
		Azygia robusta		x
	Bivesiculidae	Bivesicula spp.										x
		Paucivitellosus vietnamensis				x
	Bucephalidae	Bucephalus polymorphus	Bucephalus markewitschi										x
		-				x
		Prosorhynchoides ozakii	Bucephaloides ozakii; Prosorhynchoides koreana														x
		Prosorhynchus epinepheli											x		x
		Prosorhynchus luzonicus				x	x						x
		Prosorhynchus maternus					x
		Prosorhynchus pacificus											x		x
		Prosorhynchus tonkinensis					x
		Prosorhynchus spp.	Chabaudtrema sp.; Gotonius spp.; Paraprosorhynchus sp.; Rudolphinus sp.	x		x	x
	Callodistomidae	Cholepotes sp.										x
	Cephalogonimidae	Eumasenia moradabadensis	Masenia moradabadensis	x
	Cryptogonimidae	Exorchis oviformis	Metadena oviformis													x	x
		Exorchis spp.	Parametadena spp.		x
		Metadena bagarii		x
		Pseudallacanthochasmus plectorhynchi	Beluesca plectorhyncha			x
		Pseudometadena celebesensis											x
	Derogenidae	Gonocercella pacifica				x
		Vitellotrema fusipura		x
	Didymozoidae	-					x						x		x
		Multtubovarium amphibolum				x
	Echinochasmidae	Echinochasmus japonicus		x							x
		Echinochasmus spp.	Episthmium sp.; Episthochasmus sp.					x	x
	Echinostomatidae	Echinostoma spp.	Echinostomum spp.		x					x
	Faustulidae	Paradiscogaster drepanei				x
	Fellodistomidae	Pseudosteringophorus sp.				x
	Gorgoderidae	Cetiotrema carangis	Phyllodistomum carangis			x
		Phyllodistomum strictum				x
		Phyllodistomum spp.	Catoptroides spp.; Phyllochorus sp.; Plesiodistomum sp.; Spathidium spp.; Vitellarinus sp.	x		x
	Haploporidae	Carassotrema koreanum		x
		Elonginurus mugilus	Phanurus oligoovus			x
		Parahaploporus elegantus										x
		Parasaccocoelium mugili	Pseudohapladena mugili; Pseudohapladena lizae			x
		Pseudohaploporus planilizum				x
		Pseudohaploporus pusitestis				x
		Pseudohaploporus sp.				x
		Pseudohaploporus vietnamensis				x
		Skrjabinolecithum spasskii				x
		Unisaccus tonkini				x
	Haplosplanchnidae	Haplosplanchnus pachysomus	Haplosplanchnus otolithi; Haplosplanchnus pachysoma			x
		Pseudohaplosplanchnus catbaensis				x
	Hemiuridae	Allostomachicola secundus	Stomachicola secundus; Stomachicola rauschi			x
		Aphanurus mugilis				x
		Aphanurus stossichi	Aphanurus monolecithus; Apoblema stossichii			x
		Dinurus sp.				x
		Erilepturus formosae				x
		Erilepturus hamati	Ectenurus paralichthydis; Erilepturus paralichthydis; Ectenurus platycephali; Ectenurus hamati; Erilepturus platycephali; Erilepturus tiegsi; Erilepturus collichthydis; Erilepturus bohaiensis; Lecithochirium neopacificum; Uterovesiculurus berdae; Uterovesiculurus caranxi; Uterovesiculurus chilkai; Uterovesiculurus fujianensis; Uterovesiculurus gazzi; Uterovesiculurus hamati; Uterovesiculurus indicus; Uterovesiculurus lutianius; Uterovesiculurus neopacificus; Uterovesiculurus orientalis; Uterovesiculurus paralichthydis; Uterovesiculurus platycephali; Uterovesiculurus sinensis; Uterovesiculurus sphyraenae; Uterovesiculurus spindlis; Uterovesiculurus thrissocli										x		x
		Hemiurus arelisci				x
		Hysterolecitha sp.										x
		Lecithochirium alectis				x
Lecithochirium imocavum		Sterrhurus imocavus			x
Lecithochirium neopacificum		Erilepturus hamati										x
Lecithichirium sp.		Anaplerurus sp.; Ceratotrema sp.; Magniscyphus sp.; Neohysterolecitha sp.; Separogermiductus spp.; Sterrhurus spp.; Umatrema sp.			x
Lecithocladium apolecti		Lecithocladium anteporus; Lecithocladium arabianum; Lecithocladium hexavitellarii; Lecithocladium microcaudum; Lecithocladium microductus; Lecithocladium octovitellarii; Lecithocladium stromatei; Lecithocladium tetravitellarii			x
Lecithocladium excisum		Distoma excisum; Lecithocladium crenatum			x
Lecithocladium ilishae		Lecithocladium harpodontis			x
Lecithocladium sp.		Bengalotrema sp.; Cleftocolleta sp.; Colletostomum sp.; Magnapharyngium sp.			x
Merlucciotrema praeclarum		Sterrhurus praeclarus			x
Parahemiurus merus		Hemiurus merus; Parahemiurus atherinae; Parahemiurus noblei; Parahemiurus parahemiurus; Parahemiurus platichthyi; Parahemiurus sardiniae; Parahemiurus seriolae			x
Parahemiurus spp.		Anahemiurus spp.; Engraulitrema spp.; Daniella sp.; Dentiacetabulum sp.; Lecithomonoium sp.; Trilecithotrema sp.			x
Stomachicola muraenesocis		Stomachicola bayagbonai; Stomachicola chauhani; Stomachicola cinereusis; Stomachicola guptai; Stomachicola karachiensis; Stomachicola kinnei; Stomachicola magna; Stomachicola magnaesophagustum; Stomachicola mastacembeli; Stomachicola pelamysi; Stomachicola polynemi; Stomachicola rubeus; Stomachicola serpentina; Stomachicola singhi			x
Heterophyidae	Centrocestus formosanus	Stamnosoma formosanum	x	x		x	x	x	x	x		x		x		x
	Centrocestus spp.	Stamnosoma spp.		x		x			x
	Haplorchis yokogawai	Monorchotrema yokogawei	x	x					x	x
	Haplorchis pumilio	Monostomum pumilio	x	x	x		x			x					x	x
	Haplorchis taichui	Haplorchis microrchis; Monorchotrema taichui	x	x					x	x						x
	Haplorchis spp.	Monorchotrema spp.		x					x							x
	Heterophyopsis continua	Heterophyes continua	x			x	x	x			x	x	x	x
	Metagonimus sp.	Dexiogonimus sp.; Loossiaspp.					x	x
	Procerovum cheni		x
	Procerovum varium	Procerovum hoihowense; Procerovum sisoni	x	x	x	x	x	x				x	x	x
	Procerovum spp.			x											x	x
	Pygidiopsis summa										x		x
	Stellantchasmus falcatus	Stellantchasmus amplicaecalis; Stellantchasmus formosanus; Stellantchasmus milvi	x				x	x		x						x
	Stictodora lari						x	x
	-	–				x
Lecithasteridae	Aponurus laguncula	Aponurus elongatus; Aponurus trachinoti; Aponurus waltairensis			x						x
	Aponurus pyriformis	Aponurus symmetrorchis; Brachadena pyriformis									x
	Aponurus sp.	Bilqeesotrema sp.; Brachadena sp.; Mordvilkoviaster sp.				x
	Brachadena pyriformis	Aponurus pyriformis; Lecithophyllum pyriforme			x
	Hysterolecitha nahaensis										x
	Hysterolecithoides epinepheli	Hysterolecithoides frontilatus; Hysterolecithoides guangdongensis; Hysterolecithoides trilobatus			x
	Lecithaster confusus	Lecithaster bothryophorus; Lecithaster musteli			x
	Lecithaster mugilis				x
	Lecithaster sayori	Lecithaster tylosuri			x
	Lecithaster sp.	Anadichadena sp.; Leptosoma sp.			x
Lecithodendriidae	Cryptotropa kuretanii	Cryptotrema kuretanii									x
Lepocreadiidae	Caecobiporum rutellum	Diploproctodaeum rutellum			x
	Diploproctia drepanei				x
	Diploproctodaeum plataxi	Diploproctodaeoides plataxi			x
	Multitestis magnacetabulum				x
	Opechona formiae				x
	Trigonotrema alatum				x
Lissorchiidae	Asaccotrema vietnamiense														x
	Asymphylodora japonica	Orientotrema japonica	x
	Asymphylodora sp.	Orientotrema sp.; Parasymphylodora sp.	x
Microphallidae	Carneophallus sp.	Microphallus sp.									x
	Maritrema subdolum	Maritrema rhodanicum	x
Monorchiidae	Huridostomum formionis				x
	Hurleytrematoides chaetodoni	Hurleytrema chaetodoni			x
	Lasiotocus cacuminatus	Alloinfundiburictus cacuminatus; Genolopa cacuminata			x
	Lasiotocus chaetodipteri	Infundiburictus chaetodipteri; Proctotrema chaetodipteri			x
	Lasiotocus cryptostoma	Alloinfundiburictus cryptostoma; Proctotrema cryptastoma			x
	Lasiotocus lizae	Sinistroporomonorchis lizae			x
	Lasiotocus macrorchis	Paralasiotocus macrorchis Proctotrema macrorchis			x
	Lasiotocus plectorhynchi	Genolopa plectorhynchi			x
	Leiomonorchis leiognathi				x
	Longimonorchis ovacutus	Opisthomonorcheides ovacutus			x
	Monorchis diplovarium				x
Opecoelidae	Allopodocotyle sp.	Pedunculotrema sp.			x	x
	Helicometra fasciata	Distoma fasciatum; Helicometra dochmosorchis; Helicometra flava; Helicometra gobii; Helicometra hypodytis; Helicometra labri; Helicometra markewitschi; Helicometra marmoratae; Helicometra mutabilis; Helicometra neoscorpanae; Helicometra pulchella; Helicometra scorpaenae; Helicometra sinuata; Helicometra upapalu										x		x
	Helicometra pisodonophi				x
	Helicometra sp.	Allostenopera sp.; Loborchis sp.; Stenopera sp.			x	x
	Macvicaria sp.	Cryptacetabulum spp.									x
	Opecoelus brevifistulus	Opegaster brevifistula			x
	Opecoelus haduyngoi				x
	Opecoelus parapristipomatis	Opegaster parapristipomatis			x
	Opecoelus pteroisi				x
	Opecoelus sphaericus				x
	Podocotyle petalophallus	Podocotyloides petalophallus			x
	Podocotyle epinepheli	Allopodocotyle epinepheli			x
Opisthorchiidae	Clonorchis sinensis	Distoma sinense	x	x
	Metorchis kimbangensis		x	x
	Opisthorchis viverrini								x	x					x
	Opisthorchis viverrini duck - genotype								x
Orientocreadiidae	Macrotrema sp.	Orientocreadium sp.	x
	Orientocreadium batrachoides	Orientocreadium barabankiae; Orientocreadium bharati; Orientocreadium dayalai; Orientocreadium dayali; Orientocreadium indica; Orientocreadium lazeri; Orientocreadium mahendrai; Orientocreadium philippai; Orientocreadium raipurensis; Orientocreadium secundum; Orientocreadium umadasi; Orientocreadium vermai	x
Philophthalmidae	Phylophthalmus sp.	Natterophthalmus sp.									x
Sclerodistomidae	Prosogonotrema clupeae	Prosogonotrema bilabiatum			x
	Prosorchis chainanensis				x
Transversotrematidae	Transversotrema patialense	Transversotrema chackai; Transversotrema koliense; Transversotrema laruei; Transversotrema soparkari				x						x		x
-	-	-					x					x
Monogenea
Capsalidea	Capsalidae	Benedenia epinepheli	Benedeniella congeri; Epibdella epinepheli; Neobenedeniella congeri										x
		Benedenia spp.	Neobenedeniella sp.; Tareenia spp.				x						x
		Encotyllabe spari				x
		Neobenedenia spp.											x
		Sessilorbis limopharynx				x
		Sprostoniella multitestis				x
Dactylogyridea	Ancylodiscoididae	Silurodiscoides spp.	Parancylodiscoides spp.; Thaparocleidus spp.														x
		Thaparocleidus caecus	Ancylodiscoides caecus; Silurodiscoides caecus														x
		Thaparocleidus furcus															x
		Thaparocleidus infundibulus															x
		Thaparocleidus siamensis	Silurodiscoides siamensis														x
		Thaparocleidus sudartoi															x
		Thaparocleidus turbinatio															x
	Dactylogyridae	Ancyrocephalus bilobatus	Haliotrema bilobatum; Haliotrema bilobatus			x
		Ancyrocephalus macrogaster				x
		Ancyrocephalus parspinicirrus				x
		Ancyrocephalus scapulasser	Protogyrodactylus scapulasser			x
		Ancyrocephalus spinicirrus	Haliotrema spinicirrus			x
		Ancyrocephalus spp.										x	x
		Ancyrocephalus unicirrus				x
		Dactylogyrus magnihamatus									x
		Dactylogyrus minutus													x
		Dactylogyrus spp.	Aplodiscus sp.; Falciunguis sp.; Microncotrema sp.; Microncotrematoides sp.; Neodactylogyrus spp.; Paradactylogyrus spp.;		x												x
		Haliotrema cromileptis											x
		Haliotrema epinepheli											x
		Haliotrema geminatohamula				x
		Haliotrema spinicirrus	Ancyrocephalus spinicirrus			x
		Haliotrema spp.	Parahaliotrema spp.									x	x
		Metahaliotrema kulkarnii				x
		Metahaliotrema mizellei				x												x
		Metahaliotrema scatophagi	Metahaliotrema geminatohamula			x												x
		Metahaliotrema similis				x
		Metahaliotrema yamagutii																x
		Metahaliotrema ypsilocleithrum				x												x
		Paradiplectanotrema trachuri	Diplectanotrema trachuri			x
	Diplectanidae	Calydiscoides flexuosus	Calydiscoides indianus; Calydiscoides indicus; Lamellodiscus flexuosus			x
		Diplectanum blairense	Paradiplectanum blairense			x
		Diplectanum grouperi	Pseudorhabdosynochus grouperi										x
		Diplectanum spp.	Lamellodiscoides spp.; Pseudolamellodiscoides spp.			x							x
		Murraytrema pricei				x
		Pseudorhabdosynochus epinepheli	Diplectanum epinepheli										x
		Pseudorhabdosynochus brunei										x
		Pseudorhabdosynochus nhatrangensis											x
		Pseudorhabdosynochus vietnamensis											x
		Psedorhabdosynochus spp.	Cycloplectanum spp.			x	x						x
	Protogyrodactylidae	Protogyrodactylus	Daitreosoma; Empleurosoma; Gussevstrema; Trivitellina			x
	Pseudodactylogyridae	Pseudodactylogyrus anguillae	Neodactylogyrus anguillae								x
		Pseudodactylogyrus bini	Dactylogyrus bini								x
Gyrodactylidea	Bothitrematidae	Bothitrema spp.										x
	Gyrodactylidae	Gyrodactylus ctenopharyngodontus									x
		Gyrodactylus ophiocephali			x
		Gyrodactylus spp.	Paragyrodactyloides sp.		x												x
Mazocraeidea	Axinidae	Loxuroides pricei										x
		Unnithanaxine naresii										x
	Diplozoidae	Diplozoon paradoxum		x
	Gastrocotylidae	Pseudaxinoides vietnamensis	Pseudaxine vietnamensis			x
	Heteraxinidae	Bicotyle perpolita				x
		Karavolicotyla ruber										x
		Karavolicotyla tuyeti										x
		Lethrinaxine parva				x
		Monaxine formionis				x
	Microcotylidae	Intracotyle orientale	Intracotyle orientalis			x
	Paramonaxinidae	Incisaxine dubia				x
Nematoda
Enoplida	Capillariidae	Capillaria spp.	Thominx sp.			x	x
Rhabditida	Anisakidae	Anisakis sp.	Conocephalus sp.; Stomachus sp.			x
	Camallanidae	Camallanus spp.										x
		Spirocamallanus istiblenni	Procamallanus istiblenni									x
	Cucullanidae	Cucullanellus minutus	Cucullanus minutus; Dichelyne minutus														x
		Cucullanus sp.	Bacudacnitis sp.; Bulbodacnitis sp.; Dacnitis sp.; Indocucullanus sp.; Neocucullanellusus sp.; Paracucullanellus sp.; Serradacnitis sp.; Truttaedacnitis sp.										x
	Kathlaniidae	Spectatus sp.															x
	Raphidascarididae	Hysterothylacium spp.	Maricostula spp.; Thynnascaris spp.			x	x					x
		Raphidascaris spp.	Neogoezia sp.			x						x
	Philometridae	Philometra spp.	Ichthyonema sp.; Sanguinofilaria spp.; Thwaitia spp.				x
Spirurida	Cystidicolidae	Ascarophis moraveci				x
		Ascarophis spp.	Pseudocystidicola spp.			x	x					x
	Gnathostomatidae	Gnathostoma spinigerum														x
Cestoda
Bothriocephalidea	Bothriocephalidae	Bothriocephalus acheilognathi	Schyzocotyle acheilognathi														x
Lecanicephalidea	Lecanicephalidae	Tylocephalumsp.	Spinocephalum sp.										x
Onchoproteocephalidea	Proteocephalidae	Proteocephalus sp.	Ichthyotaenia sp.									x
Rhinebothriidea	Rhinebothriinae	-										x
Tetraphyllidea	-	-					x
Trypanorhyncha	Pterobothriidae	Pterobothrium sp.	Neogymnorhynchus sp.; Syndesmobothrium sp.									x
	Tentaculariidae	Nybelinia sp.										x
–	-	-				x
Acanthocephala
Echinorhynchida	Arhythmacanthidae	Heterosentis holospinus				x						x
		Heterosentis mongcai				x
		Heterosentis paraholospinus				x						x
	Cavisomatidae	Filisoma indicum	Filisoma hoogliense															x
		Neorhadinorhynchus atypicalis				x
		Neorhadinorhynchus nudum	Neorhadinorhynchus nudus									x
	Echinorhynchidae	Acanthocephalus halongensis				x
		Acanthocephalus parallelcementglandatus								x		x
		Echinorhynchus sp.	Metechinorhynchus sp.									x
	Illiosentidae	Illiosentis sp.	Tegorhynchus sp.			x
	Rhadinorhynchidae	Australorhynchus multispinosus										x
		Cathayacanthus spinitruncatus				x						x
		Cleaveius longirostris		x
		Cleaveius sp.	Mehrarhynchus sp.	x
		Gorgorhynchus tonkinensis				x
		Micracanthorhynchina kuwaitensis				x
		Rhadinorhynchus circumspinus				x
		Rhadinorhynchus dorsoventrospinosus				x
		Rhadinorhynchus hiansi										x
		Rhadinorhynchus johnstoni										x
		Rhadinorhynchus pacifcus										x
		Rhadinorhynchus laterospinosus				x						x						x
		Rhadinorhynchus multispinosus				x
		Rhadinorhynchus trachuri	Nipporhynchus trachuri									x						x
	Transvenidae	Pararhadinorhynchus magnus				x
		Sclerocollum neorubrimaris										x
	Quadrigyridae	Acanthocephalorhynchoides sp.	Pallisentis sp.	x
		Acanthogyrus (Acanthosentis) fusiformis																x
		Pallisentis (Brevitritospinus) vietnamensis		x
		Pallisentis (Pallisentis) celatus	Neosentis celatus; Pallisentis (Neosentis) celatus	x
Neoechinorhynchida	Neoechinorhynchidae	Neoechinorhynchus ampullata				x
		Neoechinorhynchus (Hebesoma) manubrianus	Neoechinorhynchus manubriensis			x
		Neoechinorhynchus (Hebesoma) spiramuscularis								x
		Neoechinorhynchus (Neoechinorhynchus) ascus				x
		Neoechinorhynchus (Neoechinorhynchus) dimorphospinus																x
		Neoechinorhynchus (Neoechinorhynchus) johnii	Neoechinorhynchus johni			x						x						x
		Neoechinorhynchus (Neoechinorhynchus) longinucleatus				x						x
		Neoechinorhynchus (Neoechinorhynchus) pennahia				x
		Neoechinorhynchus (Neoechinorhynchus) plaquensis				x

Note: No studies were done in brackish water fish in South Vietnam.

Abbreviation: W, wild; C, culture; x, parasite was reported; empty cells, information not available.