Fig. (2).

Potential mechanisms and signaling pathways of BBB disruption after SAH. CSD: Cortical spreading depolarization; JAK: Janus kinase; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; MCP: matricellular protein; MMP-9: matrix metalloproteinase-9; NF-κΒ: nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; PKC-cAMP: protein kinase C-cyclic adenosine monophosphate; ROS: reactive oxygen species; STAT: signal transducer and activator of transcription; TLR4: Toll-like receptor 4; VEGF-A: vascular endothelial growth factor-A. (A higher resolution / colour version of this figure is available in the electronic copy of the article).