Table 2.

Water quality analysis with 2D TMDC-based FET sensors: device structure and sensing performance

Water quality analysis		FET channel	Probe	LOD/sensitivity	Response time	References
Ions	H+	MoS2	HfO2	pH 3–9 (60.13 mV/dec)		[81]
		MoS2	Al2O3/HfO2	pH 0.01 (59.6 mV/dec)		[127]
		MoS2 (1L)	Ionic liquid-gate	–/(4.4 V/pH)		[162]
		MoS2/WS2/MoS2		pH 4–8 (59 mV/dec)		[128]
	Hg2+	MoS2		30 pM	~ 10 s	[20]
		MoS2	DNA	0.1 nM	1–2 s	[21]
	Cd2+	MoS2	Cd2+ ionophore	5 ng/mL	8 s	[129]
	AsO33−	MoS2	CPPy	1 pM	< 1 s	[130]
	AsO2−	MoS2	AsO2− ionophore	0.1 ppb	100–210 s	[22]
Non-ionics	H2O2	MoS2	rGO	1 pM	seconds	[24]
	Kanamycin	MoS2	DNA	1.06 nM	20 s	[133]
	Doxorubicin	MoS2	Cu2+-DNA		5 s	[132]
	Enkephalin	MoS2	MOR	~ 3 nM		[30]
Microorganism	Bacteria (S. aureus)	MoS2	Vancomycin	50 cfu/mL	22.19 s	[150]
	Virus (Ebola)	MoS2	VP40 antibody	fM-pM level	~ min	[151]

L layer, MOR µ-opioid receptor