Fig. 8.

K-edge XANES spectra of a Mn in MnFe₂O₄, b Co in CoFe₂O₄, c Ni in NiFe₂O₄, and d Fe in Fe₃O₄ under various applied potentials. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [37]. e Schematic of the surface reaction of the Ru atoms. R-space graphs as a function of applied potential f without (blue) and g with (red) CH₃OH. Dotted line placed at ca. 1.4 Å signifying a reference point for the oxygen peaks. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [82]. (Color figure online)