Table 2.

Main approaches and parameters for the fabrication of diverse wrinkling patterns on various curved substrates and their applications

Systems	Core material	Shell material	Core radius	Shell thickness	Shell formation	External stimuli	Resulted morphology	Potential application	Refs
Stiff shell/soft sphere	PS	Pt	0.2–5 μm	2–13 nm	Sputtering	Swelling	Dimple, labyrinth		[182]
	Ag	SiO2	2–8 μm	~ 150 nm	Evaporation	Cooling			[158]
	PDMS	SiOx	4–15 μm	NA	Chemical oxidation	Deswelling			[132]
	PDMS	SiOx	5–60 μm	12–13 nm	Oxygen plasma	Deswelling	Dimple, herringbone, labyrinth		[131]
	PDMS	Cr	15–300 μm	25–75 nm	Sputtering	Cooling		Controllable friction	[59]
	PDMS	PDMS	~ 11 mm	0.3–1.2 mm	Surface polymerization	Swelling	Gyrification		[22]
Stiff shell/soft cylinder	PAN	BN	3 ~ 8 μm	~ 31 nm	Chemical vapor deposition	Heating	Ring-like patterns	Tunable wetting	[58]
	Lycra fiber	SEBS/AgNWs/MWCNTs	~ 15 μm	NA	Spray coating	Prestrain releasing	Self-contact creases	Underwater wearable electronics	[190]
	PU fiber	AgNWs	~ 50 µm	6 ± 4 µm	Brush coating	Prestrain releasing	Self-contact creases	Piezoresistive fibers	[191]
	SEBS fiber	CNTs	20–225 µm	~ 102 nm	Mechanical wrapping	Prestrain releasing	Hierarchical buckles	Wearable electronics	[192] [53]
			~ 1 mm
	SEBS fiber	CNTs/rubber	2 mm	~ 160 μm	Rubber spray and wrapping	Prestrain releasing	Self-contact creases	Strain sensor	[60]
	PU	PVC	6–13 mm	50 μm	Adhesion	Dehydration	Gears		[52]
Hollow sphere	Actomyosin	Lipid monolayer	~ 8 μm	NA	Encapsulating	Contraction	Wrinkle		[209, 210]
	Latex balloon	Uniform GO film	2–15 cm	0.2–2.5 μm	Dip coating	Deflation	Cortex-like ridges	Actuator	[55]
		Bumpy GO film	2–15 cm	0.1–4.5 μm	Syringe dispensing	Deflation	Wrinkled papillae	Microdroplet manipulation	[54]
		CNTs	2–15 cm	~ 102 nm	Adhesion	Deflation	Hierarchical ridges	Inflatable electronics	[64]
		MXene and CNT	2–15 cm	~ 1 μm	Adhesion	Deflation	Crumples	Flexible electronics	[62]
Cylindrical tube	Silicone tube	Parylene N	~ 1 mm	~ 2 μm	CVD	Stretching/releasing	High-aspect-ratio ridge		[181]
	Tubular balloon	Uniform GO film	0.8–5 cm	50–420 nm	Dip coating	Deflation	Hierarchical ridges	Wearable electronics	[61]
Micro-architecture	Bacteria	Graphene	~ 0.5 μm	2.5–3 nm	Direct deposition	Heat/vacuum	Wrinkled rod		[206]
	PEG-DA	PCP	10–60 μm	NA	Polymerization	Plasma	Wrinkled architectures	Cell culture	[185, 205]
	PDMS	Ag	~ 5 μm	20–200 nm	Electroless deposition	Deswelling	Winkled pillar	Pressure sensor	[82]

PDMS polydimethylsiloxane, PS polystyrene, SEBS styrene–(ethylene–butylene)–styrene, CNTs carbon nanotube sheets, AgNWs Ag nanowires, PU polyurethane, PVC polyvinyl chloride, PAN polyacrylonitrile, BN boron nitride, GO graphene oxide, CVD chemical vapor deposition, PCP partially cured polymer, PEG-DA poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate, MXene 2D titanium carbide