Fig. 1.

Characterization of Bi₂Se₃@AIPH NPs and measurements of photothermal and free radical properties. a TEM images, b DSC curve, and c UV–Vis spectrum of Bi₂Se₃@AIPH. d Representative photothermal images of Bi₂Se₃@AIPH solution at the concentrations of 0, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 mg mL⁻¹ (1 W cm⁻², 5 min). e Corresponding temperature change evaluation at various concentrations. n = 3 f Cycle stability of Bi₂Se₃@AIPH (0.2 mg mL⁻¹ Bi₂Se₃@AIPH solution as the representative). g. Thermo-responsive release profiles of AIPH from Bi₂Se₃@AIPH NPs, and the ‘‘on’’ switch represents the NPs are irradiated for 5 min (1 W cm⁻²) by 808 nm laser, and the ‘‘off’’ means the irradiation stops. Except the irradiation, the NPs solution was placed in the environment of 37 °C. h Absorbance of ABTS^+· generated from the reaction of ABTS and Bi₂Se₃@AIPH under 0–5 min irradiation (1 W cm⁻², 5 min). i electron spin resonance (ESR) spectrum of 50 mM POBN in 0.1 mg mL⁻¹ Bi₂Se₃@AIPH with or without irradiation at normoxic and hypoxic atmosphere