Table 2.

Desalination performance of MXene electrodes in CDI

Electrode material	Surface area (m2 g−1)	NaCl concentration (mM)	Cell voltage (V)	Salt removal capacity (mg g−1)	Remarks	References
Ti3C2 MXene	6	5	1.2	13 ± 2	MXene CDI electrodes demonstrated excellent performance in 30 cycles The adsorption of ions onto the electrode occurs via ion intercalation instead of double-layer formation	[39]
Porous Ti3C2Tx MXene	293	10,000 mg L−1	1.2	45	MXene electrode demonstrated 12 times higher ion adsorption capacity than other carbon-based electrodes and excellent cycling stability (up to 60 cycles)	[62]
Mo1.33C-MXene	1	5/50/600	0.8	5/9/15	Incorporation of carbon nanotubes enhanced the desalination performance of MXene electrode Low energy requirement compared to traditional carbon electrode	[68]
Ar plasma-modified Ti3C2Tx	–	500 mg L−1	1.4	26.8	Ar plasma modification of MXene nanosheets resulted in the increased interlayer distance between the sheets Electrode showed good regeneration ability and reproducible results	[60]
Porous nitrogen-doped MXene sheets (N–Ti3C2Tx)	368.8	5000 mg L−1	1.2	43.5  ±  1.7	Nitrogen doping significantly enhances the surface area and desalination performance of MXene	[64]
LiF/HCL-etched Ti3C2Tx MXene	2.1	585	1.2	67.7	The LiF/HCl etching resulted in the increased interlayer spacing of Ti3C2Tx and enhanced desalination capacity	[65]
Preconditioned Ti3C2Tx MXene	–	10	− 1.2 (discharge potential (V)	9.19	Operating conditions such as flow rate, half-cycle length (HCL), and discharge potential affect the desalination performance of electrode	[67]