Table 4.
Utilization of nanoparticles in nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals with their applications
| Nutraceuticals | Pharmaceuticals | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nanoparticles | Applications | References | Nanoparticles | Applications | References |
| Nanoliposomes | Specific delivery of nutraceuticals | [218] | Polylactic acid |
To deliver drugs, vaccines, and proteins |
[220] |
| Alginate and chitosan | Target delivery of lutein, β-carotene; lycopene; vitamins A, D, and E3; co-enzymeQ 10; and omega-3-fatty acids | [221] | Nanoencapsulated probiotics | Selectively delivered to gastrointestinal tract and modulate immune response | [119] |
| Synthetic and natural polymers | Used in food packaging | [222] | Podophyllotoxin and etoposide | Anti-disease particles | [223] |
| Nanosize ingredients and additives | Enhances taste, absorption, and bioavailability | [224] | Antibodies attached to nanoparticles | To detect chemicals or food-borne pathogens | [225] |
| Incorporated carriers consist of lycopene, beta-carotenes, and phytosterols | To avoid the accumulation of cholesterol | [176] | Biodegradable nanosensors | Monitors temperature, moisture, and time. | [226] |
| Nanoselenium | Green tea helps in uptake of selenium | [227] | Nanoclays and nanofilms | Prevent spoilage and oxygen absorption | [228] |
| Functional ingredients nanodelivery system | Increases the functionality and stability of the foods | [229] | Cellulose nanocrystal composite | Drug carrier | [230] |
| Nanocochleates | Stabilize micronutrients and enhance the nutritional value | [208] | Nanoparticles of silver, magnesium and zinc | Antimicrobial and antifungal surface coatings | [231] |
| HydraCel | Improve absorption of water and other nutrients in the blood and decrease the surface tension | [176] | Carbon nanotubes | Carrier for gene and peptide delivery. Enhances the solubility and penetration | [232] |
| α-lactalbumin (nanoencapsulated) | Carrier of nutrients | [21] | Dendrimer | Controlled and targeted the delivery of bioactive compounds to macrophages and liver | [233] |
| Casein micelles | Delivers sensitive products | [234] | Liposomes | Active and passive delivery of gene, protein, and peptide | [128] |
| Dextrin’s and curcumin | Bioactive products | [235] | Metallic nanoparticles | Enhanced radiotherapy and highly sensitive diagnosis | [236] |
| Nanoparticle-mediated gene or DNA transfer | Development of insect-resistant plants, nanofeed additives, food processing, and storage | [21] | Nanocrystals quantum dots | Multiple color imaging of liver. Labeling of breast cancer marker, HeR 2 surface of cancer cells | [237] |
| Tailor-made nanosensors | Food analysis | [176] | Polymeric micelles | Active and passive drug delivery | [238] |
| Nanocapsules | Improve bioavailability of nutraceuticals (cooking oils) | [239] | Polymeric nanoparticles | Excellent carrier for controlled and sustained delivery of drugs | [240] |
| Nanoencapsulate | Flavor enhancer | [241] | Mesoporous silica | Delivery of drugs | [242] |
| Gelated nanotubes and nanoparticles | Viscosifying agent | [243] | Biosensor | Understanding living cells | [244] |
| Nanocapsule infusion of plant-based steroids | Replace meat cholesterol | [245] | Fluorescent nanoparticles | Cell labeling | [246] |
| Nanoemulsions | Availability and dispersion of nutrients | [247] | Magnetic nanoparticles | Sensors | [212] |
| Selective binding of nanoparticles | Removes chemicals or pathogens | [248] | Colloidal gold nanoparticles | Used to monitor cells | [249] |
| Electrochemical nanosensors | Detect ethylene in food packaging | [176] | Superparamagnetic iron oxide | Cancer detection | [250] |
| Silicate nanoparticles | More heat-resistant films | [251] | Metal nanocluster | Organosols | [252] |
| Nanosize powders | Increase absorption of nutrients | [250] | Metal nanocolloids | Hydrosols | [252] |
| Nanoencapsulation of nutraceuticals | Better absorption and stability of delivered targets | [112] | Magnetic fluids | Sensors | [253] |
| Nanocochleates | Nutrients are efficiently delivered without affecting color and taste | [181] | Fullerenes (carbon 60) | Potential application in medicinal field | [249] |
| Nanodroplets (vitamin sprays) | Better absorption of active molecules | [254] | Raw nanomaterials | Drug encapsulation and bone replacement | [253] |