Table 1.
Triboelectric pair materials and their triboelectric characteristics
| Triboelectric pair: material 1 | Triboelectric pair: material 2 | Used mode and fabrication methods | Contract area (cm2) | Electric characterizationa | Mechanical excitation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Petal rose [60] | Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) |
Single-electrode mode Handmade |
3 × 3 |
Voc = 30.6 V Isc = 0.78 µA P = 24 µW Pdensity ≈ 2.7 µW cm−2 |
100 N 2 Hz |
| Hosta leaf [62] | Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) |
Single-electrode mode Handmade |
8 × 8 |
Voc = 230 V Isc = 9.5 µA P = 2185 µW Pdensity ≈ 34.1 µW cm−2 |
2 Hz 0.333 m/s |
| M. denudate [62] | Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) |
Single-electrode mode Handmade |
8 × 8 |
Voc ≈ 100 V Isc ≈ 3.5 µA P = 350 µW Pdensity ≈ 5.5 µW cm−2 |
2 Hz 0.333 m/s |
| L. chinense [62] | Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) |
Single-electrode mode Handmade |
8 × 8 |
Voc ≈ 110 V Isc ≈ 4 µA P = 440 µW Pdensity ≈ 6.9 µW cm−2 |
2 Hz 0.333 m/s |
| Firmiana [62] | Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) |
Single-electrode mode Handmade |
8 × 8 |
Voc ≈ 90 V Isc ≈ 2.8 µA P = 252 µW Pdensity ≈ 3.9 µW cm−2 |
2 Hz 0.333 m/s |
| Populus [62] | Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) |
Single-electrode mode Handmade |
8 × 8 |
Voc ≈ 115 V Isc ≈ 3.5 µA P = 402.5 µW Pdensity ≈ 6.3 µW cm−2 |
2 Hz 0.333 m/s |
| Lotus [62] | Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) |
Single-electrode mode Handmade |
8 × 8 |
Voc ≈ 100 V Isc ≈ 2.8 µA P = 280 µW Pdensity ≈ 4.4 µW cm−2 |
2 Hz 0.333 m/s |
| E. aureum [62] | Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) |
Single-electrode mode Handmade |
8 × 8 |
Voc ≈ 90 V Isc ≈ 2 µA P = 180 µW Pdensity ≈ 2.8 µW cm−2 |
2 Hz 0.333 m/s |
| Rhododendron leaves [61] | Ecoflex (silicone elastomer film) |
Single-electrode mode Handmade |
4.5 × 4.5 |
V ≈ 140 V Pdensity = 15 µW cm−2 |
10 Hz 0.9 N |
| Fresh leaf [63] |
Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) |
Contact-separation mode Spin-coating + handmade |
4 × 4 |
Voc ≈ 430 V Isc ≈ 15 µA P = 6450 µW Pdensity ≈ 403.1 µW cm−2 |
5 Hz |
| Dry leaf (powder) [63] |
Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) |
Contact-separation mode Spin-coating + handmade |
4 × 4 |
Voc ≈ 560 V Isc ≈ 25 µA P = 14,000 µW Pdensity ≈ 875 µW/cm2 |
5 Hz |
|
Polydimethyl siloxane + cellulose nanocrystal flakes (PDMS/CNCFs) [70] |
Aluminum |
Single-electrode mode Spin-coating + handmade |
1.5 × 1.5 |
Voc ≈ 320 V Isc ≈ 5 µA cm−2 P = 1600 µW cm2 |
40 N |
| Cellulose paper [71] | Poly(caprolactone)/graphene oxide 4% (PCL/GO 4%) |
Contact-separation mode Electrospinning + handmade |
2 × 4 |
Voc ≈ 120 V Isc ≈ 4 µA P = 480 µW Pdensity ≈ 60 µW cm−2 |
15 N 3 Hz |
| Cellulose nanofibril paper + 4% Phosphorene [72] | Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) |
Contact-separation mode Electrode sputtering + handmade |
– |
Voc = 5.2 V After 6 months Voc = 4 V |
70 N |
| Cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) [82] | Fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) |
Contact-separation mode Handmade |
1 × 1 |
Voc ≈ 5 V Isc ≈ 7 µA P = 35 µW Pdensity ≈ 35 µW cm−2 |
10 Hz |
| 40 × 40 |
Voc ≈ 32.8 V Isc ≈ 35 µA P = 1148 µW Pdensity ≈ 0.72 µW cm−2 |
||||
| Polydimethylsiloxane sponge with sugar assist [86] |
Freestanding mode Soft lithography + hand made |
– |
Voc ≈ 450 V Isc ≈ 0.04 µA cm−2 Pdensity = 18 µW cm−2 |
400 N 5 Hz |
|
| Air-permeable paper-based TENG [91] |
Contact-separation Dip-coating + electrospinning + handmade |
4 × 4 |
Voc ≈ 197 V Isc ≈ 16.2 µA cm−2 P = 3191 µW cm−2 Pdensity = 797.85 µW cm−2 |
85 kPa | |
| Egg white (EG) [89] | Rice paper (RP) |
Contact-separation Handmade |
1 × 2 |
Voc ≈ 55 V Isc ≈ 0.6 µA cm−2 P = 33 µW cm−2 Pdensity = 16.5 µW cm−2 |
– |
| EG [89] | Chitin |
Contact-separation Handmade |
1 × 2 |
Voc ≈ 8 V Isc ≈ 0.8 µA cm−2 P = 6.4 µW cm−2 Pdensity = 3.2 µW cm−2 |
– |
| Rice paper [90] | Polyvinyl chloride PVC |
Contact-separation Brush coating + handmade |
3 × 3 |
Voc ≈ 392 V Isc ≈ 16.7 µA cm−2 Pdensity = 82.69 µW cm−2 Resistance = 80 Ω |
5 Hz |
| Recombinant spider silk [97] | PET |
Contact-separation Spin-coating + inkjet water lithography + handmade |
48 |
Voc ≈ 2600 V Isc ≈ 480 µA cm−2 Pdensity = 5290 µW cm−2 |
20 N |
aThe peak value was used for the electric characterization