Fig. 5.

Schematic illustration of the formation of phosphorus-based materials. a Existing physical solid-state methods: Route (I) for the formation of bulk black P materials by traditional high-pressure method. Route (II) for the formation of nanosized (left) P material or its nanocomposites (right; carbon-, metal-composite, etc.) via normal/high energy mechanical milling methods. b Our chemical approach: Route (III) for the preparation of holey phosphorus-based composite nanosheets via a chemical solvothermal reaction. Reproduced with permission [151], Copyright 2016 Wiley Publishing Group