Fig. 7.

a Liquid exfoliation of black phosphorus in a series of organic solvents before sonication. b Solution containing 2D black phosphorus stored 12 h after sonication. c HRTEM and TEM images of black phosphorus collected after centrifugation at 2000 and 400 rpm lying on the left and right side, respectively. Insets are the pics (brown) and Tyndall effect (green) of the BP at 4000 rpm dispersions in formamide. d Optical absorption spectrum of minor dispersions in ethanol. e Surface tension of solution containing black phosphorus with different concentration in a different organic solvent. f First cycle of galvanic charge/discharge performance of thin-layer BP, 2D BP/graphene and 2D BP/graphene with spark pulsed sintering at a current density of 100 mA g⁻¹. Adapted with permission [187]. Copyright 2016 John Wiley and Sons. (Color figure online)