Figure 1. Two-Cell Model for Inflammasome-Independent IL-1β Release.
Inflammasome-dependent and -independent IL-1β maturation and secretion require two signals. Signal 1 is shared by both mechanisms, which involves microbe recognition by a TLR and the upregulation of pro-IL-1β production. Signal 2 distinguishes inflammasome-dependent and -independent mechanisms. See text for details.