Fig. 11. a.

Comparisons of the adhesion force of the PAM gel and AF gel at − 20 °C. b Bending test of the PAM battery and AF battery at − 20 °C. c Charge–discharge profile of the AF battery under bending test at 0.2 A g⁻¹. d PAM battery and AF battery holding an ice block; the AF battery can still power an electrical watch at − 20 °C. e Cycling test of the AF battery under various heavy loads at − 20 °C. f Hammering tests of the PAM battery and AF battery after 1 day of cooling at − 20 °C. g Discharge curves and h cycling test of the AF battery under hammering tests. i Capacity retention of the AF battery washing in an ice bath [113]. With permission from The Royal Society of Chemistry