Table 1.
Age-standardized characteristics according to coffee intake in the NHS (women, 1980-2012) and the HPFS (men, 1986-2012)a
| Characteristic | Coffee intake |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Women |
Men |
|||||||
| 0 cups/d (n = 19 497) | <1 cups/d (n = 7388) | 1-3 cups/d (n = 38 147) | ≥3 cups/d (n = 21 666) | 0 cups/d (n = 7594) | < 1 cups/d (n = 9416) | 1-3 cups/d (n = 21 041) | ≥3 cups/d (n = 9175) | |
| Coffee intake, cup/d (median, IQR) | 0 | 0.5 (0.2, 0.8) | 2.2 (1.5, 2.5) | 4.3 (3.5, 5.0) | 0 | 0.5 (0.2, 0.8) | 2.0 (1.4, 2.5) | 4.3 (3.5, 4.9) |
| Age, y | 56.2 (11.4) | 62.2 (11.4) | 61.9 (11.3) | 59.7 (10.6) | 61.2 (11.1) | 65.3 (11.4) | 65.1 (11.2) | 62.7 (10.4) |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 25.9 (5.2) | 25.6 (5.0) | 25.3 (4.5) | 25.0 (4.3) | 25.5 (3.5) | 25.5 (3.5) | 25.9 (3.4) | 26.2 (3.4) |
| Physical activity, METS-h/wkb | 15.7 (18.0) | 16.5 (16.8) | 16.9 (17.5) | 16.2 (17.3) | 26.6 (24.4) | 26.6 (23.8) | 25.6 (22.8) | 24.8 (21.6) |
| Pack-years of smoking | 8.4 (16.6) | 7.7 (14.9) | 11.8 (17.6) | 20.7 (22.7) | 5.2 (12.7) | 8.4 (14.9) | 13.5 (18.3) | 20.3 (22.2) |
| Family history of CRC, % | 11.9 | 13.3 | 13.6 | 13.2 | 11.5 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.5 |
| History of diabetes, % | 9.3 | 9.5 | 7.2 | 5.5 | 7.0 | 7.7 | 7.8 | 7.5 |
| History of previous endoscopy, % | 35.6 | 43.6 | 39.9 | 36.6 | 50.7 | 55.6 | 53.9 | 52.7 |
| Current multivitamin use, % | 50.1 | 55.1 | 52.4 | 49.4 | 41.8 | 44.8 | 43.6 | 44.6 |
| Regular aspirin use, % | 29.4 | 30.9 | 32.6 | 33.9 | 40.8 | 45.4 | 48.7 | 50.3 |
| Regular NSAID use, % | 13.6 | 18.0 | 18.0 | 18.8 | 12.1 | 13.9 | 16.4 | 17.7 |
| Postmenopausal, % | 73.9 | 78.0 | 78.3 | 78.7 | ||||
| Current hormone use, %c | 22.8 | 28.4 | 27.2 | 26.3 | ||||
| Dietary intake | ||||||||
| Total calorie, kcal/d | 1650 (467) | 1668 (437) | 1672 (433) | 1709 (442) | 1954 (551) | 1904 (543) | 1974 (548) | 2082 (573) |
| Alcohol, g/d (median, IQR) | 0.3 (0.0,2.4) | 1.1 (0.0,4.6) | 2.7 (0.5,9.2) | 2.8 (0.6,9.6) | 0.7 (0.0,5.5) | 4.6 (0.9,11.9) | 8.2 (2.2,17.3) | 9.2 (2.4,20.1) |
| Total red meat, servings/wk | 6.7 (4.1) | 6.1 (3.5) | 6.5 (3.5) | 7.0 (3.7) | 5.8 (4.4) | 5.6 (4.0) | 6.4 (4.3) | 7.5 (4.8) |
| Calcium, mg/d | 879 (387) | 958 (371) | 925 (345) | 932 (337) | 999 (412) | 962 (395) | 908.9 (357) | 915.2 (345) |
| Folate, μg/d | 423 (253) | 452 (229) | 426 (203) | 400 (194) | 552 (267) | 576 (270) | 537 (246) | 509 (233) |
| AHEI score | 45.1 (10.5) | 47.1 (9.9) | 46.4 (9.5) | 45.9 (9.4) | 48.3 (10.9) | 49.6 (10.0) | 48.1 (9.8) | 46.7 (9.8) |
Cumulative average values are presented. Mean (±SD) or median (IQR) for continuous variable or percentages for categorical variables are presented. All variables are age-standardized except age. AHEI = Alternative Healthy Eating Index; CRC = colorectal cancer; HPFS = Health Professionals Follow-up Study; IQR = interquartile range; METS = metabolic equivalent task score; NHS = Nurses’ Health Study; NSAID = nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug.
Physical activity is represented by the product sum of the metabolic equivalent score (METS) of each specific recreational activity and hours spent on that activity per week.
Proportion of current menopausal hormone use is calculated among postmenopausal women only.