. 2020 Dec 2;12(6):686–695. doi: 10.4300/JGME-D-20-00093.1

Table 2.

Studies of Residents in Training

Author (y)	No. of Subjects	Participants	No. of Sessions	Goal	Art Medium and Intervention Style	Measurement	Results	Control Group
Reilly et al,²⁰ (2005)	N/A	Family medicine residents and faculty	1	Team building	Visit to museum and discussion of FA	Subjective participant feedback	Improved team building and analytical thinking	No
Kirklin et al,²¹ (2007)	68	General practitioners and nurses	1	OS	Workshop where blindfolded participants described the feeling of household objects	Comparison of descriptions on pre- and posttests	Improvement in OS^a	Yes
Huang et al,¹² (2016)	27	Dermatology residents	4	Observational skills, description skills, awareness of assumptions, and tolerance of ambiguity	Visit to museum and discussion of FA and clinical images	Comparison of descriptions on pre- and posttests	Improvement between mean number of observations^a	No
Goodman and Kelleher,²² (2017)	15	Radiology residents	1	OS	Visit to museum and discussion of FA	Comparison of abnormality detections on pre- and posttests	Improvement detecting abnormalities on radiographs^a	No
Griffin et al,²³ (2017)	7	Dermatology residents	5	OS	Visit to museum and discussion of FA	Comparison of descriptions on pre- and posttests and subjective feedback	Improvement in OS according to participant feedback; no statistically significant improvement in pre and posttests scores that tested for OS	Yes
Zazulak et al,²⁴ (2017)	15	OB-GYN and family medicine residents	4	Increase empathy, compassion, and mindfulness	Visit to museum and discussion of various art and dance led by art instructors; participants also created their own artwork	Comparison of pre- and post-surveys, and subjective participant feedback	No significant increase in overall empathy, compassion, or mindfulness Increase in subdomains of mindfulness^a	Yes
Pristach et al,²⁵ (2018)	N/A	Psychiatry residents	1	Increase OS, specifically regarding psychological themes	Visit to museum and discussion of various art led by art instructors	Subjective participant feedback	Increased OS that participants feel will be applicable in clinical setting	No
Yakhforoshha et al,²⁶ (2018)	19	Oncology fellows	1	Communication skills	Lecture on communication skills, role playing, reflective writing, and small group discussion of art, music, film	Comparison of pre- and post-objective assessment	Improvement in 3 of 7 domains of the checklist^a	No
Harrison and Chiota-McCollum,²⁷ (2019)	18	Neurology residents	11	Communication skills, OS, awareness of point of view, and appreciation of the narrative context of illness	Classroom discussion of various visual art and works of literature	Comparison of pre- and post-self-assessment	Increased CS, OS, and understanding of narrative medicine	No
Emami et al,²⁸ (2019)	19	Oncology fellows	1	Communication skills	Various mediums and lectures by art and medical faculty	Comparison of pre- and post-self-assessment	Improved in all domains, with notable importance of communication in medical context and learning^a	No
Marr et al,²⁹ (2019)	17	Emergency medicine attendings, residents, midlevel providers	2	Reduce implicit bias, improve clinical skills with pain patients	Visit to museum and discussion of FA led by art and medical faculty	Subjective participant feedback	Positive change in how they make observations and communicate with patients	No
Orr et al,³⁰ (2019)	17	Internal medicine residents	1	Combat burnout	Visit to museum and discussion of FA led by art instructors	Comparison or pre- and post-self-assessments	Decreased emotional exhaustion and depersonalization and increased sense of personal accomplishment	No

Abbreviations: N/A, no answer; FA, fine arts; OS, observational skills; CS, clinical skills; OB-GYN, obstetrics and gynecology.

Indicates statistical significance.