| Road Traffic Injuries |
| Abreu, D. R. O. M., De Souza, E. M. & Mathias, T. A. F. [28] |
2018 |
Portugese (Brazil) |
Ecological time series |
Low |
Legislation |
N/A |
State of Paraná, Brazil—residents aged 15–49 |
Not reported |
Mortality (Mortality Information System) |
“Following enactment of the Drinking and Driving Law, the data displayed variability and the trends were not significant. However, there was a decrease in overall and pedestrian mortality. The rates for motorcyclists and vehicle occupants stabilized. The results showed an impact on traffic accident mortality after enactment of the new Brazilian Traffic Code and Drinking and Driving Law, followed by an increase in the rates.” |
| Ahmad H, Naeem R, Feroze A, Zia N, Shakoor A, Khan UR, Mian, AI [29] |
2018 |
English (Pakistan) |
Pretest- Posttest, one group |
Moderate |
Education |
0–2 months |
Students 8–16 years old in Pakistan |
410 students, 17 schools |
Knowledge of prevention measures (multiple choice questionnaire in English & Urdu) |
"Bilingual pictorial story books can help helped primary school children to learn about RTI prevention and may be incorporated into school curricula, possibly adaptable in different languages and communities." |
| Charry, JD, Ochoa, JD, Tejada, JH, Navarro-Parra, SL, Esquivel, N, & Vasques, Y [30] |
2017 |
English (Colombia) |
Pretest-Posttest, one group |
Moderate |
Education |
Not specified |
Adolescents in Colombia |
160 high school seniors |
Knowledge of vehicle safety devices and risks of alcohol consumption (pre and post interventional surveys on the use of vehicle safety devices and attitudes towards alcohol consumption and driving) |
"In conclusion, based on our experience, a prevention-oriented model for traffic accidents proves to be effective in generating changes in adolescents' behavior regarding and attitudes towards alcohol and road safety standards. However, it is necessary to conduct a more accurate study using multivariate analysis to define specific factors influencing young population's decision-making regarding road safety behavior." |
| Chen, X, Yang, J, Peek-Asa, C, Chen, K, Liu, X, & Li, L [31] |
2014 |
English (China) |
Prospective experimental case -control study |
Low |
Education |
2 months |
Mothers of newborn children, in hospital China |
216 (114 intervention, 102 control) |
Knowledge of child safety restraint use |
"This study evaluates a hospital-based education intervention to promote child safety restraint use, especially in infants. The program improved the birthing mothers’ knowledge and awareness, which could drive them to prepare CSS for their babies. This study has implications for future comprehensive intervention strategies that address specific age-related needs and promote car seat use among infants and children." |
| Dorigatti, AE, Jimenez, LS, Redondano, BR, Carvalho, RBD, Calderan, TRA, & Fraga, GP [32] |
2014 |
English (Brazil) |
Pretest-Posttest, one group |
Moderate |
Education |
Not specified |
High school students 14–18 in Brazil |
Each hospital visit included a mean of 70 students. The complete questionnaire was answered by 1,025 |
Knowledge of alcohol use and safety devices (Pre and post intervention questionnaire about behavior, alcohol consumption and general knowledge about trauma and emergency) |
"The emergence of prevention programs such as these enables a behavioral change in the participant population, especially when the programs are performed by a multidisciplinary team, who can discuss the subject from different points of view, each according to their area of expertise. The P.A.R.T.Y. program exists as an option to help young people identify the risks of not using safety equipment in traffic, as well as the negative effects of the combination of drinking and driving." |
| Ederer, DJ; Bui, TV; Parke, EM; Roehler, DR; Sidik, M; Florian, MJ; Kim, P; Sim, S; Ballesteros, M. [33] |
2016 |
English (Cambodia) |
Controlled trial (not randomized) |
Low |
Education and provision of safety devices |
1–2 weeks; 10–12 weeks; end of school year |
School children grade 1–5 in Cambodia |
Nine intervention schools (with a total of 6721 students) and four control schools (with a total of 3031 students) |
Increase in helmet use on motorcycles and bicycles (Observation) |
"School-based helmet use programmes that combine helmet provision and road safety education might increase helmet use among children." |
| Erkoboni D, OZanne-Smith J, Rouxiang C, Winston FK [34] |
2010 |
English (China) |
Mixed methods, pretest-Posttest, one group |
Moderate |
Education |
6 weeks |
Parents of children 3–8 in China |
n = 71 at baseline, n = 62 at 6-week follow up |
Self- reported knowledge and use of child seat restraints (short survey instrument) |
"This study shows the possibility of exporting US-designed prevention interventions dubbed into Mandarin without the need to alter their original context (in this case, an African American family in a US setting) into a Chinese context. Successful cultural translation involved ensuring that the behavioural antecedents targeted in the intervention (eg, barriers and benefits) were of relevance to the Chinese population." |
| Falavigna A, Medeiros GS, Cannabarro CT, Barazzetti DO, Marcon G, Montiero CMC, Bossardi JB, Da Silva PG, Teles AR, Velho MC, Ferrari P. [35] |
2014 |
English (Brazil) |
RCT |
Low |
Education |
1,3, and 8 months |
Primary and high school students in Brazil |
535 students |
Self-reported knowledge of prevention of neurotrauma and use of safety devices (Questionnaires) |
"Multiple and different types of educational interventions, such as lectures, scenes from plays about trauma and its consequences, traffic and fire department intervention, and medical emergency intervention directed to preteens and adolescents from public and private schools did not modify most students’ attitudes toward injury prevention." |
| Falavigna, A, Teles AR, Velho MC, Medeiros GS, Canabarro CT, de Braga GL, Barazzetti DO, Vedana VM, Kleber FD [36] |
2012 |
English (Brazil) |
RCT |
Low |
Education |
5 months |
High school students in Brazil |
1049 students (5 intervention n = 572, 5 control schools n = 477) |
Self-reported knowledge of prevention of neuro- trauma and use of safety devices (Questionnaires) |
"An educational intervention based on a single lecture improved students’ knowledge of traumatic brain and spinal cord injuries, but this type of intervention did not modify most attitudes toward injury prevention." |
| FOROUTAN, A., HEYDARI, S. T., KARVAR, M., MOHAMMADI, L., SARIKHANI, Y., AKBARI, M. & LANKARANI, K. B. [37] |
2019 |
English (Iran) |
pre-post intervention with control group |
low |
Education, provision of safety devices, community awareness, legislation/law enforcement |
9 months (can you double check that?) |
Motorcyclists (adolescents subgroup) in two cities (intervention and control) |
396 students |
pre-intervention questionnaire, ICU admission rates, hospital costs for patients who required ICU admission, rate of helmet usage, mortality and the duration of ICU care for patients admitted to Darab hospital due to motorcycle accidents (Questionnaire, ICU data) |
Even a short period of intervention can have positive effects on increasing the safety of motorcycle drivers. |
| Frandoloso, V., da Silva, F. T., & Magnabosco, C. D. [38] |
2015 |
Portuguese (Brazil) |
Longitudinal, observational cohort study |
Moderate |
Education |
0–9 months |
Children 9–11 in Brazil |
117 children |
Knowledge of prevention of traumatic brain injury (Standardized questionnaires) |
"The high rate of experience with TBI coupled with the significant discrepancy between habits and knowledge regarding trauma prevention stress the need for effective measures leading to their actual implementation. The intervention increased awareness about the importance of helmet usage, suggesting partial effectivity from a theoretical standpoint." |
| FREITAS, C., RODRIGUES, M. A., PARREIRA, P., SANTOS, A., LIMA, S., FONTES, V. S., FREITAS, J. P. A., SANTOS, J. M. J. & MOTA, E. C. H. [39] |
2019 |
English (Brazil) |
Pretest—posttest with control group |
low |
Education |
1 month |
Children from 3rd to 5th grade in two public schools in Northeastern Brazil |
173 children |
Knowledge, attitudes and preventive practices of traffic accidents (KAP questionnaire) |
"The educational intervention increased the level of knowledge and maintained the preventive attitudes and practices on traffic accidents at the same level in 3rd-5th grade students." |
| Hidalgo- Solórzano, E., Híjar, M., Mora-Flores, G., Treviño-Siller, S., & Inclán-Valadez, C. [40] |
2008 |
Spanish (Mexico) |
Pretest-Posttest, one group |
Low |
Community campaign |
Not specified |
Children 16–19 in Mexico |
700 children |
Knowledge of RTI prevention methods (Self-applied questionnaire) |
“Educative interventions represent an initial strategy for changes in knowledge and population behaviours. The present study offers an appropriate methodology to measure short-term changes in knowledge about risk factors associated with a significant problem affecting Mexican youth.” |
| Hijar M, Perez-Nunez R, Santoyo-Castillo D, Lunnen JC, Chandran A, Celis A, Carmona- Lozano S [41] |
2013 |
English (Mexico) |
Cross-sectional |
Low |
Community campaign and law enforcement and education |
N/A |
Children 13–18 years old in Mexico |
5115 total, 13–15 years old n = 617, 16–18 years n = 2252 |
Knowledge and attitude scores (KAS) (Self-applied questionnaire) |
“Our results show a potential moderate impact, measured as self-reported attitude change, resulting from the three intervention approaches under study. Future studies should address the intensity of exposure as well as the translation of attitude change into safer behaviors. Information generated by this study could be useful for local authorities in the intervention areas to inform their activities.” |
| Ji, Y., Ye, Y., Lu, Y., Li, L., & Yang, G [42] |
2017 |
English (China) |
Cluster RCT |
Low |
Education |
Not specified |
Seventh grade students in China |
1312 students in intervention group |
Knowledge and attitudes of prevention of RTI (Questionnaire) |
“Publicity and education intervention measures have certain short-term effects on the prevention of bicycle injuries among rural middle school students; we should approach intervention measures according to the characteristics of traffic injuries in different areas.” |
| Jin, H. Q., Yingchun Li, Zhang, S. L., & Yu, W. S. [43] |
2009 |
Chinese (China) |
Cluster RCT |
Low |
Education |
6 months |
Middle school students in China |
6784 (intervention) 1266 (control) |
Incidence of bicycle injuries. (Survey) |
“Program on road safety education significantly improved the relative knowledge for middle school student and it exerted positive effects in road safety attitude to some extent. However, no significant effect was found in the improvement on their behavior. Education on road safety should be carried out in the early stage of childhood with newer and more effective intervention approaches.” |
| Li, Z.-Y.; Zhang, Y.Y.; Huang, H.T. [44] |
2011 |
Chinese (China) |
Cluster RCT |
Low |
Education |
1 year |
Students in 7th-11th grade in China |
1823 (interevention) 2306 (control) |
Knowledge of RTI prevention and frequency of traffic rule violations (Injury reports, injury knowledge survey) |
“The intervention measures of health education, institutionalized management, strict enforcement, environmental improvement can prevent and control the occurrence of bicycle injury among middle school students.” |
| Liu, X., Yang, J., Cheng, F., & Li, L. [45] |
2016 |
English (China) |
Cohort study, with control group |
Moderate |
Education and provision of safety devices |
Not specified |
Parents of newborns in China |
Not reported |
Knowledge of RTI prevention and self-reported use of safety devices (Interview via telephone) |
“Education on safety, combined with a free CSS and professional installation training, were effective at increasing newborn parents’ knowledge and use of CSS. Future studies with larger sample sizes and longer follow-up are needed to determine a long-term effect of the intervention.” |
| Muguku, E., Ouma, J., & Yitambe, A. [46] |
2010 |
English (Kenya) |
Retrospective pretest-posttest |
Low |
Law enforcement |
0–12 months |
Children <18 in Kenya |
Not reported |
Number of hospital admissions due to RTI (Hospital admission records) |
"The enforcement of the Traffic Act did not have any effect on injury severity among admitted PSV crash victims. Measures to lessen the burden of road traffic injury deserve greater attention." |
| Mutto, M., Kobusingye, O. C., & Lett, R. R [47] |
2002 |
English (Uganda) |
Retrospective, cross-sectional, observational |
Moderate |
Environmental change |
N/A |
Children in Uganda |
13,064 pedestrians |
Use of pedestrian overpass and incidence of fatal and non-fatal crashes (Injury records, observation) |
“The prevalence of pedestrian overpass use was low with adult males least likely to use it. Pedestrians had a high perception of risk, which did not seem to influence overpass use. Pedestrian were more likely to be injured during slow traffic flows. There were more traffic crashes, and pedestrian injuries, but fewer fatalities after the construction of the overpass.” |
| Nazif-munoz, J. I., Nandi, A. & Ruiz-casares, M. [48] |
2018 |
English (Brazil) |
Evaluation study with interrupted time series design |
Low |
Legislation |
Not specified |
Children who were injured or died in vehicle collisions in Brazil between 2008 and 2014 |
Not reported |
Number of child deaths and number of children injured in traffic collisions per child population, stratified by race (Various nation wide databases and census data) |
“Socially advantaged populations were more likely to consistently adopt and employ restraint devices following the reform. Countries should also consider complementary policies that facilitate an equitable distribution of safety devices that reach vulnerable populations.” |
| Nazif-munoz, J. I. & Nikolic, N [49] |
2018 |
English (Serbia) |
Evaluation study with interrupted time series design |
Low |
Legislation |
N/A |
Child occupants aged 0–12 |
Not reported |
Injury incidence pre and post intervention (Road Traffic Crashes Database by Serbian Road Traffic Safety Agency) |
“The case of Serbia suggests that the new law was effective in reducing injuries among children aged 0–3 in the short term and injuries among children aged 4–12 in both the short term and long term.” |
| Poswayo, A., Kalolo, S., Rabonovitz, K., Witte, J. & Guerrero, A [50] |
2019 |
English (Tanzania) |
Pretest-Posttest, with control group |
Low |
Education, environmental change |
1 year |
Households around 18 primary schools in Dar es Salaam |
12 957 school-aged children in the baseline period and 13 555 school-aged children in the post-intervention period |
Injury Rates (Survey) |
“The programme demonstrated a significant reduction in paediatric RTI after its implementation, in very specific ways. This study demonstrates that for a reasonable investment, scientifically driven injury prevention programmes are feasible in resource-limited settings with high paediatric RTI rates.” |
| Rimal, R. N., Yilma, H., Ryskulova, N. & Geber, S [51] |
2019 |
English (Serbia) |
Pretest-Posttest, with one group |
Moderate |
Education |
6 months |
Male and female adolescents, school-based |
Before the intervention (N = 1449); Follow up: (N = 1072) |
Change in risk perception (In-classroom filled out surveys) |
“In order to reach male adolescents, who are at highest risk for automobile crashes and who have remained the most impervious to intervention effects, our findings suggest adopting an approach that improves their injunctive norms and, subsequently, exposes them to the safe-driving intervention.” |
| Salvarani, C.P., Colli, B.O., & Carlotti Junior, C.G [52] |
2009 |
English (Brazil) |
Pretest-Posttest, one group |
Low |
Community campaign |
1 year |
Adolescents in Brazil |
Not reported |
Number and severity of road traffic accidents (hospital record data and extra-hospital data) |
"The adapted Think First was systematically implemented and its impact measured for the first time in Brazil, revealing the usefulness of the program for reducing trauma and TBI severity in traffic accidents through public education and representing a standardized model of implementation in a developing country." |
| Setyowati, D. L., Risva, Anwar A. [53] |
2019 |
English (Indonesia) |
pretest- posttest, one group |
high |
Education |
Not specified |
High school seniors in Indonesia |
25 students |
Knowledge and attitude of safe riding practices for motorcycles (Questionnaire) |
"The training would increase the knowledge about safety riding to the Safety Riding Ambassadors." |
| Treviño-Siller, S., Pacheco-Magaña, L.E., Bonilla-Fernández, P., Rueda-Neria, C., & Arenas-Monreal, L. [54] |
2017 |
English (Mexico) |
Mixed methods, pretest-posttest |
Moderate |
Education |
5 months |
Students aged 10–15 years in Mexico |
219 students |
Knowledge and attitude scores of prevention of RTI (Observation, questionnaire) |
“Because safe practices depend not only on children and youth but on the adults and social environment surrounding them, it is essential to engage parents, teachers, and decision makers in efforts to reduce RTIs. This will improve the establishment of commitments to impact social reality through consistent changes and mobilize greater resources for creating more secure communities in matters of road safety.” |
| Zare, H., Niknami, S., Heidarnia, A. & Hossein Fallah, M [55] |
2019 |
English (Iran) |
RCT |
Low |
Education, skills-based education |
6 months |
Two all- male elementary schools in Mehriz City, Iran |
103 students |
Rates of safe street-crossing behaviors (Observation) |
“The results of the present study confirmed the positive effects of an active learning-based educational program with parental involvement on promoting safe street-crossing behaviors in 7-year-old children. Parental involvement is recommended as a useful strategy to consider while designing educational programs aiming at promoting positive street-crossing behaviors among school-aged children.” |
| Zimmerman, K., Jinadasa, D., Maegga, B., & Guerrero, A [56] |
2015 |
English (Tanzania) |
Pretest-Posttest, with control group |
Low |
Skills based education and provision of safety devices |
9 months |
Local Communities in Tanzania |
Control n = 1,343, Intervention n = 2203 |
Incidence of RTI (Household survey) |
"The incidence of RTIs in the low-volume rural setting is unacceptably high and most commonly associated with motorcycles. The change in incidence is unreliable due to logistic restraints of the project and more research is needed to quantify the impact of various RTI prevention strategies in this setting. This study provides insight into road traffic injuries on low-volume rural roads, areas where very little research has been captured. Additionally, it provides a replicable study design for those interested in collecting similar data on low-volume rural roads." |
| Drowning |
| Callaghan JA, Hyder AA, Khan R, Blum LS, Arifeen S, Baqui AH [57] |
2010 |
English (Bangladesh) |
Observational pilot study with 3 intervention arms |
Moderate |
Supervision and provision of safety devices |
0–9 months |
Households with 1–4 year old children in Bangladesh |
343 to education only, 373 to door barrier, 326 to playpen; 472 households, 2694 observations |
Percentage of devise usage (Observation) |
“Households provided with supervision tools use them, and there are lower observations of children unprotected… Effectiveness trials are needed to establish the impact of these tools on under-five drowning-specific mortality rates." |
| Davoudi-Kiakalayeh, A, Mohammadi, R, Yousefzade-Chabok, S, & Jansson, B [58] |
2013 |
English (Iran) |
Observational pretest-Posttest, two groups |
Low |
Supervision, education, environmental change and community campaign |
0–2 years |
0–9 and 10–19 year old children in Iran |
Not reported |
Incidence of drowning case, fatal and non-fatal (forensic medicine system and death registry for fatal cases; weekly ambulance excursion reports for non-fatal cases) |
Rreducing the risk of drowning is possible by raising community awareness, in partnership with relevant organizations." |
| Guo, Q [59] |
2010 |
Chinese (China) |
Quasi-experimental trial with control group |
Low |
Community campaign and education |
1.5 years |
Students grades 4–6 in China |
3015 students |
Incidence of injury rate and knowledge of injury prevention (Survey) |
"The school-based health education on drowning prevention is effective to improve children's knowledge and decrease their risk behaviors" |
| Guo, Q., Ma, W., Xu, H., Nie, S., Xu, Y., Song, X., & Li, H [60] |
2010 |
Chinese (China) |
Pretest-posttest |
Low |
Education |
1 year |
Children in grades 3–5, 7–8, and 10–11 in China |
8930 students |
Rate of drownings and knowledge of drowning prevention (Pre and post intervention survey) |
"Health education program could improve children’s perception on water safety and reduce their risk behaviors as well as on the incidence of non—fatal drowning in the rural areas." |
| Rahman, F., Bose, S., Linnan, M., Rahman, A., Mashreky, S., Haaland, B., & Finkelstein, E. [61] |
2012 |
English (Bangladesh) |
Retrospective cohort |
Low |
Skills-based education |
4-year observation |
Children aged 1–4 in Bangladesh |
Anchal (daycare) n = 18 596 participants; swimming lessons. (SwimSafe), n = 79,421 participants |
Mortality rates due to drowning (Demographic Surveillance System) |
"Based on World Health Organization criteria, PRECISE is very cost-effective and should be considered for implementation in other areas where drowning is a significant problem." |
| Shen, J., Pang, S., & Schwebel, D. C. [62] |
2016 |
English (China) |
RCT |
Low |
Education |
1 week |
Third and fourth grade students in China |
280 students (137 in intervention. Group) |
Knowledge of prevention of drowning (Self-report questionnaires) |
"The testimonial-based intervention’s efficacy appears promising, as it improved safety knowledge and simulated risk behaviors with water among rural Chinese children." |
| Solomon, R., Giganti, M. J., Weiner, A., & Akpinar-Elci, M. [63] |
2013 |
English (Grenada) |
Pretest-Posttest, one group |
Moderate |
Education |
Not specified |
Primary school students aged 5-12in Grenada |
92 enrolled, 56 participated |
Knowledge of drowning prevention (Graded assessment) |
"The findings from this study suggested that implementation of such a programme is effective. With cultural modifications and outsourcing, we believe this adapted programme would be successful in Grenada and other similar settings." |
| Turgut, T., Yaman, M., & Turgut, A [64] |
2016 |
English (Turkey) |
Pretest-posttest, one group |
Moderate |
Education and skills-based education |
Not specified |
Children 10–14 years old in Turkey |
476 children |
Knowledge of prevention of drowning (series of pre-post test surveys) |
"We conclude that such a water safety education programme can help increasing knowledge and safe life-saving skills of children." |
| Zhang, P. B., Chen, R. H., Deng, J. Y., Xu, B. R., & Hu, Y. F. [65] |
2003 |
Chinese (China) |
Cluster RCT |
Low |
Education |
1 year |
Parents of children aged 1–4 in China |
370 parents |
Mortality rates and knowledge of drowning prevention (Survey and community-level monitoring) |
"Health education to parents is an effective intervening measure for prevention of accidental suffocation and drowning. The goal of health education should be to change inadequate behavior and dangerous environment in which unintentional injury is easily happened. The interviewing measures that not sleeping with their infants in the same beds and not trying infants in a candle with blanket, and putting up fence beside pools and rivers are feasible and practicable." |
| Zhu, Y., Feng, X., Li, H., Huang, Y., Chen, J., & Xu, G. [66] |
2017 |
English (China) |
RCT |
Moderate |
Education |
No follow up |
Children aged 9–17 in China |
752 children from three schools in Jiangbei district; (n = 380) or control (n = 372). |
Knowledge of drowning prevention (Questionnaire) |
“Use of ‘geo-located’ information added value to the effectiveness of a drowning prevention poster for enhancing awareness of drowning hotspots among children of migrant workers.” |
| Zhu, Y. C., Hui, L. I., Huang, Y. Q., Ding, K., Zhou, Y. F., & Wang, H., et al. [67] |
2016 |
Chinese (China) |
Cluster RCT |
Low |
Environmental change, education and community campaign |
Not specified |
Children in grades 1–9 in China |
7736 and 7730 students from 1st - 9th grade |
Incidence rate of non-fatal drowning (Survey) |
“The model of integrated drowning interventions, based on the ecological approach and initiated by Ningbo, was proven to be effective and worth popularizing.” |
| Falls, Burns, Poisoning |
| Gimeniz-Paschoal SR, Pereira DM, Nascimento EM [68] |
2009 |
English (Brazil) |
Mixed methods, pretest-posttest, with control group |
Moderate |
Education |
1 week |
Families with children under 4 years old in Brazil |
40 families |
Knowledge of prevention of burn (Home interviews) |
"It is concluded that the intervention carried out in this study favorably affected the increase of correct information declared about the subject." |
| Gimeniz-Paschoal, S. R., Nascimento, E. N., Pereira, D. M., & Carvalho, F. F. [69] |
2007 |
Portuguese (Brazil) |
Pretest-Posttest, one group |
Moderate |
Education |
No follow up |
Relatives of hospitalized children aged 0–15 in Brazil |
n = 37 |
Knowledge of prevention of burn (Structured questionnaires) |
"The education action showed a good informative potential, suggesting its usefulness in the hospital context. This action should be tested in other places, such as primary and secondary attention health units and educational institutions." |
| Heard JP, Latenser BA, Liao J [70] |
2013 |
English (Zambia) |
Pretest-Posttest, with control group |
Moderate |
Education |
11 months |
Elementary school students in Zambia |
550 at first survey, 2197 at second, 312 at follow up |
Knowledge of prevention of burns (10-question survey) |
“This study represents one of the few reports on the effectiveness of a burn prevention program in an LMIC. Future epidemiological data will be needed from nearby healthcare facilities to determine whether this program decreased burn morbidity and mortality at the hospital level.” |
| Jetten P, Chamania S, van Tulder, M [71] |
2011 |
English (India) |
Pilot pretest-posttest, three groups |
Moderate |
Education and provision of safety devices |
1·5 months |
Families with children under 4 years in India |
42 families, 34 received intervention |
Knowledge and self-reported use of safety device (Questionnaires) |
“The prevention program seems an effective method in the reduction of burns of young children. Additionally, most families were satisfied with the intervention and would like to use it for a longer period of time. However, a large study with multiple evaluation moments would be needed to provide evidence of the effectiveness of this prevention program.” |
| Kebriaee-Zadeh, J., Safaeian, L., Salami, S., Mashhadian, F., & Sadeghian, G. H. [72] |
2014 |
English (Iran) |
Pretest-Posttest, one group |
Low |
Education |
1 month |
Students 10–11 years old in Iran |
520 students |
Knowledge of prevention of poisonings (Questionnaire) |
"The school-based educational programs provide a good opportunity to poison information centers in preventing poisoning." |
| Konradsen, F., Pieris, R., Weerasinghe, M., van der Hoek, W., Eddleston, M., & Dawson, A. H [73] |
2007 |
English (Sri Lanka) |
Pretest-Posttest, one group |
Moderate |
Provision of safety devices |
7 months |
Households with children in Sri Lanka |
172 households at follow up |
Usage of safety devices (Questionnaire) |
"The farming community appreciated the storage boxes and made storage of pesticides safer, especially for children. It seems that additional, intensive promotion is needed to ensure that pesticide boxes are locked. The introduction of in-house safe storage boxes resulted in a shift of storage into the farmer's home and away from the field and this may increase the domestic risk of impulsive self-poisoning episodes. This increased risk needs attention in future safe storage promotion projects." |
| Krug, A., Ellis, J. B., Hay, I. T., Mokgabudi, N. F., & Robertson, J. [74] |
1994 |
English (South Africa) |
Pilot study, pretest-posttest, with control group |
Low |
Education and provision of safety devices |
Not specified |
Families with children under 5 years old in South Africa |
20,000 CRCs distributed |
Incidence of poisonings (Hospital and clinic records, semi-structured questionnaire) |
“We recommend that paraffin be sold in CRCs, and suggestions are made for improving health education to prevent paraffin poisoning.” |
| Makhubalo, O., Schulman, D., Rode, H. & Cox, S. [75] |
2018 |
English (South Africa) |
Controlled Trial |
High |
Community Awareness and provision of safety devices |
1 month |
Households with children 1–76 months |
50 caregivers |
Acceptability of device (post intervention phone interview and questionnaire) |
“All participants had informed neighbors about the Kettle Strap and burn safety. The participants were prepared to pay ZAR 44 for the complete apparatus. The Kettle Strap is an acceptable, affordable device to improve kettle safety in the home.” |
| Odendaal, W., van Niekerk, A., Jordaan, E., & Seedat, M. [76] *(burns, falls, poisonings) |
2009 |
English (South Africa) |
RCT |
Low |
Education and provision of safety devices |
1 week |
Households with children under 10 years old in South Africa |
Baseline: 211, 91 control households, 101 intervention households analyzed |
Knowledge of general safety practice and change in risk assessment index (Observations and questionnaires) |
“This study confirmed that a multi-component HVP effectively reduced household hazards associated with electrical and paraffin appliances and poisoning among children in a low-income South African setting.” |
| Rehmani, R., & LeBlanc, J. C. [77] *(falls and poisoning) |
2010 |
English (Pakistan) |
Non-blinded randomized controlled trial design |
Low |
Education |
6 months |
Families with children 3 years and older in Pakistan |
"340 families, 304 (90%) completed follow up" |
Observed change in risk factors and knowledge and attitude scores of injury prevention methods (Observation and questionnaire) |
"Our study demonstrates the effectiveness of an educational intervention aimed at improving the home safety practices of families with young children." |
| Schwebel, D. C., Swart, D., Simpson, J., Hui, S. K. A., & Hobe, P. [78] |
2009 |
English (South Africa) |
Case-control |
Low |
Education |
4 weeks |
Households with children under 18 in South Africa |
206 households |
Self- reported knowledge of risk of poisonings and observed safety behaviors (Assessment and home inspection) |
"The intervention was successful. A train-the-trainers model might be an effective educational tool to reduce kerosene-related injury risk in low-income communities within low- and middle-income countries." |
| Sinha, I., Patel, A., Kim, F. S., Maccorkle, M. L., & Watkins, J. F. [79] |
2011 |
English (India) |
Pretest-Posttest |
Moderate |
Education |
No follow up |
Children aged 5–7 in India |
n = 39 |
Knowledge of burn prevention (Administered tests) |
"This study demonstrates that a comic book has value in teaching children about burn awareness. Comic books may be a cost-effective method as an outreach tool for children." |
| Swart, L., van Niekerk, A., Seedat, M., & Jordaan, E [80] *(burn, falls and poisoning) |
2008 |
English (South Africa) |
Cluster RCT |
Low |
Education and provision of safety devices |
2 weeks |
Households with children under 10 years old South Africa |
baseline questionnaire 410 households, 189 households intervention included in analysis, 188 controls |
Observation of risk factors (Household survey) |
"Our findings suggest that home visits by trained lay workers who provide education, home inspection, and safety devices may contribute to child injury risk reduction in LMICs. However, the improvements in burn- and poisoning-related injury risk reduction over time between intervention and control groups were modest. Furthermore, no reduction in injury risks due to falls was noted." |
| Non-specific/ All Injuries |
| Cao BL, Shi XQ, Qi YH, Hui Y, Yang HJ, Shi SP, Luo, LR, Zhang H, Wang X, Yang YP [82] |
2015 |
English (China) |
Cluster randomized trial |
Low |
Education |
16 months |
School children 8–16 in China |
n = 2342, randomly divided into intervention and control |
Knowledge and attitude scores (KAS) (Survey) |
"The SFI multi-level education intervention could significantly increase KASs for accidental injuries, which should improve children’s prevention-related knowledge and attitudes about such injuries. Our results highlight a new intervention model of injury prevention among school-aged children." |
| Fonseca, E., de la Caridad, R., Mendoza Molina, A., Castillo Rivera, J. A., & Martínez Rodríguez, M. D. L. Á. [83] |
2014 |
Spanish (Cuba) |
Mixed methods, pretest-Posttest, one group |
Moderate |
Education |
18 months |
Parents of children 0–18 months in Cuba |
39 families |
Knowledge of potential household injuries (Observation, Questionnaire) |
“When families are approached with simple and accessible instruments, and with a community group work it is possible to make favorable changes in terms of awareness of the problem in the same place where it emerged." |
| Hernández Sánchez, M., García Roche, R., Vinardell Espín, P., & Mercedes, R. E. [84] |
2017 |
Spanish (Cuba) |
Pretest-Posttest, one group |
Moderate |
Education |
Not specified |
Health workers and educators of adolescents in Cuba |
n = 331 |
Knowledge of prevention of unintentional injury (Questionnaires) |
“The training is useful since the knowledge about unintentional injuries and their prevention was increased rapidly, for their subsequent replication in the different areas of action.” |
| Kahriman, I. & Karadeniz, H [85] |
2018 |
English (Turkey) |
Pretest-Posttest, one group |
Low |
Education |
Not specified |
Mother with children 0–6 |
300 mothers |
Awareness of prevention methods for pediatric injuries (33-item questionnaire) |
“The training provided to mothers to prevent pediatric injuries was effective in improving the awareness of the mothers.” |
| Khatlani, K., Alonge, O., Rahman, A., Hoque, D. M. E., Bhuiyan, A. A., Agrawal, P., & Rahman, F. [86] |
2017 |
English (Bangladesh) |
Nested, matched, case-control study |
High |
Supervision |
One-year recall period |
Caregivers of children under 5 years old in Bangladesh |
504 (126 cases and 378 controls). |
Mortality from unintentional injuries (Questionnaire, supervision) |
“Children under five experiencing death due to unintentional injuries, including drowning, had 3.3 times increased odds of being unsupervised as compared with alive children (MOR = 3.3, 95% CI: 1.6–7.0), while adjusting for children’s sex, age, socioeconomic index, and adult caregivers’ age, education, occupation, and marital status. These findings are concerning and call for concerted, multi-sectoral efforts to design community-level prevention strategies. Public awareness and promotion of appropriate adult supervision strategies are needed.” |
| Liu, S., Luo, J., Xiang, B., Li, J., Yin, B., Zhu, K., Du, Y. [87] |
2015 |
Chinese (China) |
Cluster RCT |
Low |
Education and environment-tal change |
No follow up |
Students in grades 3–5 and 7–8 in China |
pre-prevention: n = 1828; post-prevention: n = 1768 in total |
Incidence of injury (Survey) |
“Educational interventions can significantly reduce the incidence of injury among rural school-age children, and improve the cognitive level of children in rural school age to reduce the incidence of injury among rural school-age children in China.” |
| Mock, C., Arreola-Risa, C., Trevino-Perez, R., Almazan-Saavedra, V., Zozaya-Paz, J. E., Gonzalez-Solis, R.,… Hernandez-Torre, M. H. [88] |
2003 |
English (Mexico) |
Pretest-Posttest, with control group |
Moderate |
Education |
4–6 months |
Families with children aged 0–12 in Mexico |
1124 children before counselling took place and on 625 after it had been given. |
Knowledge about prevention of unintentional injuries (Questionnaires) |
"Brief educational interventions targeting parents' practice of childhood safety improved safe behaviours. Increased attention should be given to specific safety-related devices and to the safety of pedestrians. Educational efforts should be combined with other strategies for injury prevention, such as the use of legislation and the improvement of environmental conditions." |
| Muñante-Nima, N., Majuan-López, K., & Farro-Peña, G [89] |
2012 |
Spanish (Peru) |
Pretest-Posttest, one group |
Moderate |
Education |
1 week |
Children 10–12 in Peru |
72 children |
Knowledge of unintentional injury prevention (Questionnaire) |
The average knowledge level before the educational intervention was 12,46 points, to increase after intervention to 13,72 points, which can affirm, that the educational intervention was effective. |
| Muniz LAMA, Gonçalves Campos C, Caetano Romano MC, Pinto Braga P. [81] |
2020 |
Portugese (Brazil) |
post intervention, qualitative study |
moderate |
Education |
1 week |
state school students who work |
19 students |
knowledge about the risks of work accidents (Questionnaire and interview) |
It is concluded that this work is important for adolescents, because it created the construction of a new knowledge about the risks of work accidents to which they may be exposed and thus, be able to make decisions about the care with their health. |
| NING, P., CHENG, P., SCHWEBEL, D. C., YANG, Y., YU, R., DENG, J., LI, S. & HU, G. 2019. [90] |
2019 |
English (China) |
Cluster RCT |
low |
Education |
3 and 6 months |
Caregivers of preschoolers aged 3–6 years from 20 preschools in Changsha, China |
2920 caregivers |
Unintentional injury incidences and caregivers’ self-reported attitudes and behaviors concerning child supervision (Online care-giver report) |
"The app-based intervention did not reduce unintentional injury incidence among preschoolers but significantly improved caregivers’ safety behaviors. This app-based intervention approach to improve caregiver behaviors surrounding child injury risk offers promise to be modified and ultimately disseminated broadly." |
| Pérez, R. R. G., Pérez, N. T., & Martinez, M. U. [91] |
2017 |
Spanish (Cuba) |
Cohort Pretest-Posttest |
Low |
Education |
6 months |
Households with children under 5 years old in Cuba |
112 households |
Frequency of risk factors observed (Survey) |
"It is considered that the communitarian intervention was successful. It is recommended the used classification of risk of the study and keep on performing interventions with this methodology." |
| Rahman, A.F., Rahman, A., Mashreky, S.R., & Linnan, M. [92] |
2009 |
English (Bangladesh) |
Pretest-Posttest, with control group |
Low |
Education and skills-based education |
3 years |
Children aged 0–17 in Bangladesh |
The first three upazilas were chosen as intervention areas and the rest served as a control. In each upazila approximately 40,000 households comprising of about 200,000 population was covered. |
Injury mortality and morbidity and knowledge of injury prevention methods (Baseline, ISS, and endline surveys, qualitative household interviews) |
"The overarching conclusion is that child injury prevention works in rural Bangladesh. For the first time, there is evidence that injury, a leading cause of child death and serious morbidity in an LMIC such as Bangladesh can be prevented with the same reductions seen in the classical child survival interventions such as immunizations, breastfeeding and micronutrient supplementation." |
| Silva, F. B. E., Gondim, E. C., Henrique, N. C. P., Fonseca, L. M. M. & Mello, D. F. D. [93] |
2018 |
Portugese (Brazil) |
Pretest-Posttest, with one group |
High |
Education |
5 months |
Mothers aged 16–25 with children <3 years old |
20 mothers |
Mother’s knowledge of health education and prevention of injury (Graded assessment) |
“The acquisition of knowledge of mothers points out that educational intervention through games is a satisfactory strategy in health education on child health care. However, the results suggest the importance of continuing educational actions at various times and contexts to ensure the sustainability of knowledge and practices, contributing to the integrality of health care.” |
| Tan, L.Z.; Peng, A.A.; Chen, Z.; Chen, J.; Guo, D.; Zhang, B. [94] |
2012 |
Chinese (China) |
Pretest-posttest |
Moderate |
Education |
6 months |
Parents of children aged 3–6 in China |
181 children with their parents |
Knowledge of injury prevention (Survey) |
"Health education can significantly improve cognitive and behavioral of children and their parents on unintentional injuries." |
| Waisman, I., Rodriguez, M. I., Malamud, B., Zabala, R., Echegaray, L., & Bornoroni, G. E. [95] |
2005 |
Spanish (Argentina) |
Pretest-posttest |
Moderate |
Education |
5 months |
Mothers of children 1 month old in Argentina |
205 mothers enrolled, 144 completed survey |
Knowledge of accident and injury prevention (Survey) |
"1) The educational program contributed to improve the risk and accident prevention knowledge and behaviors in the studied population. 2) Changes were more significant in the group of mothers who initially had the lowest level of information. 3) The areas with greatest difficulties were surveillance behaviors and unsafe behaviors related with electrical accidents prevention and use of baby car seats." |
| Wang, H., Liu, Y. X., Deng, W. J., Yang, W. J., & Wang, F. [96] |
2015 |
English (China) |
Case-Control |
Low |
Education |
1 year |
Families with children in kindergarten in China |
2271 children, 904 intervention and 1367 control |
Injury incidence rate (Household survey) |
“Injury interventions can effectively prevent and control the occurrence of injury.” |
| Wang, X., Zhang, H., He, H., Ma, H. [97] |
2008 |
Chinese (China) |
Cluster RCT |
Low |
Education, community campaign and skills-based education |
1month |
Kindergarten students in China |
Not reported (12 kindergartens) |
Incidence rate and severity of injury (Survey, medical diagnosis) |
“The interventions can significantly reduce the incidence rate of unintentional injuries of before-school-age children.” |
| Wang, X., & Zhu, Y. [98] |
2009 |
Chinese (China) |
Cluster RCT |
Low |
Education |
Not specified |
7th -12th grade students aged 12–18 in China |
1236 (intervent.), 1320 (control) |
Knowledge of accidental injury prevention and rates of injury (including RTI specific outcomes) (Survey, medical diagnosis) |
"Peer education plays a important role on preventing accidental injuries in the middle school students." |
| Xiao, Z.H. [99] |
2013 |
Chinese (China) |
Cluster RCT |
Moderate |
Education |
1 year |
Parents with children in kindergarten in China |
189 children and parents (intervention), 167 (control) |
Knowledge of unintentional injury prevention and injury rate (Survey) |
“Health education is an effective, rapid and economic intervention to reduce the incidence of unintentional injuries in children”. |
| Zhao, C.-H., Qiu, H.-S., & Qiu, H.-X. [100] |
2006 |
Chinese (China) |
Cluster RCT |
Low |
Education |
1 year; 2 years |
Parents of elementary school children in China |
5727 parents |
Incidence of injury rate (Survey, hospital records) |
"Injury prevention strategies and child and parent safety education can reduce risks of accidental injury in children." |
| Zhou X. [101] |
2013 |
Chinese (China) |
Pretest-posttest |
Moderate |
Education and skills-based education |
1 year |
Parents and teachers of kindergarten students aged 3–6 in China |
62,922 children registered at 182 kindergartens |
Incidence rate of injury (Self-administered questionnaire) |
“Health education interventions to reduce the occurrence of accidental injury in children are effective and feasible. Children accidental injuries are controllable. In different regions, child-care workers should take the corresponding health education interventions to reduce the incidence of children accidental injury according to the regional situation." |
