Table 2. Summary of intervention outcomes for injury types: Road traffic injuries.

Intervention Type (Component of the 5 E Framework)	Intervention Description	Summary of Outcomes
		Injury-Related Outcomes	Other Outcomes
Road Traffic Injuries
Skills-based education (Education)	One-week driving course	Increase in RTIs perhaps due to changing climate conditions [56]
	Practical training of safe street-crossing behaviors		Observed improvement of safe street crossing behaviors [55]
Environmental change (Engineering)	A pedestrian overpass was constructed	Fewer fatalities but more pedestrian injuries and traffic crashes [47].
	Infrastructure enhancements designed to lower vehicle speeds and separate pedestrians from traffic	Reduced incidence of RTI [50]
Law enforcement (Enforcement)	Additional sobriety checkpoints		Increased awareness of road safety measures [41]
	Confiscation of motorcycle for riders not wearing helmets	Decrease in hospital admissions, decrease in ICU admission due to head trauma (significant) increase in helmet use (significant), decreased mortality (not significant) (combined with other interventions) [37]
	Traffic Act that increased arrests and surveillance	No changes in injury severity pre- and post-enforcement [46]
Community awareness (Encouragement)	Radio messages, banners and posters	Decrease in hospital admissions, decrease in ICU admission due to head trauma (significant) increase in helmet use (significant), decreased mortality (not significant) (combined with other interventions) [37]	Increase in level of knowledge [40].
	Social marketing campaign		Reported awareness of road safety messages [41]
	Media resources, videos, t-shirts	Reduction in injury severity, mainly for traumatic brain injuries [52]
Provision of safety devices. (Engineering)	Provision of motorcycle and bicycle helmets	Decrease in hospital admissions, decrease in ICU admission due to head trauma (significant) increase in helmet use (significant), decreased mortality (not significant) (combined with other interventions) [37]	Increased observed helmet use [33]
	Provision of child safety seats		Increased self-reported use of child safety seats [45]
	Provision of reflector vests and motorcycle helmets	Increase in RTIs perhaps due to changing climate conditions [56]
Legislation (Enforcement)	Zero blood-alcohol limit and higher penalties for drinking and driving	Decrease in overall and pedestrian mortality [28]
	Law requiring helmets be worn on motorcycles	Decrease in hospital admissions, decrease in ICU admission due to head trauma (significant) increase in helmet use (significant), decreased mortality (not significant) (combined with other interventions) [37]
	Child restraint legislation	Reduction in the rate of child injuries [48]
Education (Education)	Storybooks		Increase in knowledge of road safety [29].
	Pamphlets and videos for child safety seats		Increase in knowledge and purchase of child safety seat [31]
	Lectures	Decrease in incidence of bicycle injuries [42]; decrease in hospital admissions, decrease in ICU admission due to head trauma (significant) increase in helmet use (significant), decreased mortality (not significant) (combined with other interventions) [37]	Increase in knowledge of drink driving risk; [32] change in knowledge about brain and spinal cord injuries but no change in attitudes toward prevention; [36] increased knowledge on helmet usage only; [38] no change in reported attitudes about injury prevention; [35] increase in knowledge and safety practices; [54] change in self-reported attitude; [41] decrease in self-reported drink driving; [30] reduced incidence of RTI; [50] change in risk perception [51]
	In-school training on the importance of helmets and proper fit		Increase in observed helmet use [33]
	Promotional videos		Increase in knowledge and self-reported use of booster seats [34]
	Education materials	No change in traffic violations or accidents; [43, 44]	Change in knowledge; [43] increase in knowledge; [44] education alone did not increase use of child safety seats; [45] observed improvement of safe street crossing behaviors [55]
	Lectures, posters and guidebooks	Decrease in incidence of injury [87]
	Peer education		Increase in knowledge of safety [53]
	Educational program using the educational therapeutic method		Increased level of knowledge and maintained the preventive attitudes and practices of traffic accidents [39]
	Seminars and videos	Decrease in injury [96]	Increase in knowledge [96]

The outcomes reported may be a summary of more than one intervention type.