Table 1.

Participant characteristics in different groups (N=1985).

Characteristic	Value			F test (df1, df2)		Chi-square (df)		P value		Post-hoc comparison
	Indonesian students (n=938)	Taiwanese students (n=313)	Thai students (n=734)
Gender, male, n (%)	134 (14.3)	117 (37.4)	146 (19.9)		N/Aa		78.76 (2)		<.001		2>3>1
Medical student, yes, n (%)	841 (89.7)	233 (74.4)	557 (75.9)		N/A		565.21 (2)		<.001		1>2,3
Postgraduate, yes, n (%)	125 (13.3)	37 (11.8)	218 (29.7)		N/A		92.65 (2)		<.001		3>1,2
Anxiety, mean (SD)	2.33 (0.48)	2.08 (0.42)	2.55 (0.43)		129.19 (2, 1982)		N/A		<.001		3>1>2
Confidenceb, mean (SD)	2.75 (0.79)	2.37 (0.68)	2.01 (0.86)		172.43 (2, 1982)		N/A		<.001		1>2>3
Perceived riskc, mean (SD)	3.35 (1.16)	3.47 (0.96)	3.15 (1.16)		10.95 (2, 1982)		N/A		<.001		1,2>3
Supportd, mean (SD)	4.20 (0.59)	3.89 (0.68)	3.48 (0.70)		259.10 (2, 1982)		N/A		<.001		1>2>3
Resourcese, mean (SD)	1.39 (0.50)	1.80 (0.31)	1.31 (0.49)		122.37 (2, 1982)		N/A		<.001		2>1>3
Internetf, mean (SD)	2.73 (0.49)	2.70 (0.49)	2.82 (0.42)		10.59 (2, 1982)		N/A		<.001		3>1,2
Medical staffg, mean (SD)	2.63 (0.58)	2.34 (0.67)	2.37 (0.68)		1.55 (2, 1982)		N/A		.21		--
Familyh, mean (SD)	2.52 (0.60)	2.18 (0.59)	2.22 (0.61)		66.52 (2, 1982)		N/A		<.001		1>2,3

^aN/A: not applicable.

^bConfidence: confidence in pandemic control.

^cPerceived risk: risk perception of susceptibility to COVID-19.

^dSupport: perceived satisfactory support from family, friends, or university.

^eResources: sufficiency of resources.

^fInternet: COVID-19 information received from the internet.

^gMedical staff: COVID-19 information received from medical staff.

^hFamily: COVID-19 information received from family.