Figure 7.

L2/3 Neurons, but Not L5/6 Neurons, Integrate Locomotion and Visual Inputs with Opposing Signs

(A) Scatterplots of the correlation coefficient between V_m and visual flow speed and the correlation coefficient between V_m and locomotion speed for 22 L2/3 neurons (left) and 12 L5/6 neurons (right). The gray dashed line is a linear regression to the data. Pale solid lines indicate the average population vector for hMM neurons (turquoise), dMM neurons (orange), and unclassified neurons (gray).

(B) Histogram of the angles in (A) for each neuron. The two histograms are significantly anticorrelated (p < 0.02, see STAR Methods).

(C) Difference between the correlation of V_m with visual flow and the correlation of V_m with locomotion speed is a good predictor of mismatch responses in L2/3 neurons (R = 0.58, vertical red line denoted as actual), but not in L5/6 neurons (R = −0.1, vertical red line). Gray histograms are shuffle controls in which correlation coefficients were scrambled across neurons.

(D) Schematic of a hypothesized L2/3 circuit. Excitatory neurons (triangles) have visuomotor mismatch responses ranging from strong depolarization (orange) to strong hyperpolarization (turquoise), reflecting the balance between bottom-up and top-down excitation and inhibition. Inhibitory interneurons are shown in gray. Locomotion also evokes a state change affecting all neurons via neuromodulatory input. The width of the arrows indicates the relative strength of the input.