Table 2.

Definitions of parameters and their baseline values used in numerical simulations.

Parameter	Description	Value	References
${\mathcal{R}}_0$	Basic reproduction number	2.8	(Deng et al., 2020, Linka et al., 2020, Wu et al., 2020, You et al., 2020)
${\beta }_0$	Transmission rate	0.50	Estimated from ${\mathcal{R}}_0$
$\eta$	Social distancing level	control	Derived from optimization
$\sigma$	Probability that pre-symptomatic individuals will be tested and isolated	control	Derived from optimization
$1/\delta$	Length of latent period (days)	3.1	(Lauer et al., 2020)
$1/k$	Length of pre-symptomatic infectious period (days)	2	(Wei et al., 2020)
$\nu$	Proportion of severely infectious individuals who are hospitalized	0.2	(WHO, 2020b)
$1/{\gamma }_M$	Infectious period of mild infections (days)	7	(Zhou et al., 2020)
$1/{\gamma }_{\mathit{iso}}$	Average time in isolation of mildly infectious individuals (days)	10	(CDC, 2020a)
$1/{\gamma }_{\mathit{hosp}}$	Average duration of hospitalization of severely infectious individuals (days)	14.5	(Fonfría et al., 2020)
${1/\psi }_m$	Average duration from the onset of symptoms to diagnosis among infectious individuals with none-to-mild symptoms (days)	4	(Burrer et al., 2020)
$1/{\psi }_s$	Average duration from the onset of symptoms to diagnosis among infectious individuals with severe symptoms (days)	4	(Burrer et al., 2020)
$\theta$	Effectiveness of hospitalization and isolation in terms of preventing further transmission	0.9	Assumed
${\chi }_T$	Average number of tests required to identify one infectious individual	10	(CDC)
$C_S$	Cost of social distancing (USD)	178	(WorldBank, 2020)
$C_T$	Cost of diagnostic test for COVID-19 (USD)	142	(Nisha Kurani et al., 2020)
$C_I$	Cost to treat a hospitalized patient with COVID-19 (USD)	25,617	(Chen et al., 2020)
$C_M$	Cost of treatment for individuals with mild COVID-19 infection (USD)	3,045	(Bartsch et al., 2020)
${\eta }_{\mathit{max}}$	Upper bound of social distancing level	0.5	Assumed
${\sigma }_{\mathit{max}}$	Upper bound of testing intensity	0.2	Assumed