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. 2020 Dec 16;11:611982. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2020.611982

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Copyright © 2020 Aponte-Santiago and Littleton.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Structure of Drosophila tonic Ib and phasic Is motoneuron terminals. (A) Representative confocal image of a Drosophila 3rd instar larval muscle 6/7 NMJ. Immunolabeling for the PSD protein Dlg is shown in red. The phasic Is neuron is labeled green with a Is-GAL4 specific line driving UAS-GFP. Dlg is found throughout the muscle subsynaptic reticulum (SSR) and is more prevalent surrounding the bigger Ib boutons (red). (B) Diagram depicting muscle SSR invaginations around tonic Ib (teal) and phasic Is (orange) boutons. (C) Diagram of MN1-Ib motoneuron innervation of only muscle 1 in a larval abdominal hemi-segment. (D) Immunostaining for anti-GFP (green) to label MN1-Ib and HRP (magenta) to label all axons in a MN1-Ib GAL4; UAS-CD8-GFP 3rd instar larva. The location of muscles M1 and M2 are indicated. Scale bar = 20 μm. (E) Diagram of MNISN-Is and MNSNb/d-Is innervation of muscles in a larval abdominal hemi-segment. (F) Immunostaining for anti-GFP (green) to label MNIs and HRP (magenta) to label all axons in a MNIs GAL4; UAS-CD8-GFP 3rd instar larva. The location of muscles M1 and M2 are indicated. Panels (C–F) are modified from Aponte-Santiago et al. (2020).