Table 4.
Crude and adjusted ORs (aORs) for the association between the risk of ILD development and variables in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and primary Sjögren’s syndrome
| Variable | Sytemic lupus erythematosus | Primary Sjögren’s syndrome | ||
| Univariable | Multivariable | Univariable | Multivariable | |
| OR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | |
| Comorbidity | ||||
| CCI without pulmonary disease | 2.87 (0.86 to 9.65) | 1.64 (0.40 to 6.66) | 1.47 (0.98 to 2.22) | 1.36 (0.87 to 2.14) |
| COPD | 7.83 (3.54 to 17.29) | 10.52 (3.97 to 27.89)** | 7.14 (3.85 to 13.24) | 5.99 (3.04 to 11.78)** |
| Urbanisation | ||||
| Level 1 | Reference | Reference | Reference | |
| Level 2 | 0.51 (0.27 to 0.94) | 0.69 (0.27 to 1.78) | 0.81 (0.50 to 1.31) | |
| Level 3 | 0.59 (0.28 to 1.23) | 0.79 (0.26 to 2.44) | 1.24 (0.68 to 2.25) | |
| Level 4 | 0.74 (0.37 to 1.47) | 1.81 (0.48 to 6.88) | 0.90 (0.53 to 1.55) | |
| Payroll-related insured amount, New Taiwan Dollars | ||||
| ≤15 840 | Reference | Reference | ||
| 15 841–28 800 | 0.61 (0.26 to 1.39) | 1.18 (0.66 to 2.10) | ||
| 28 801–45 800 | 0.93 (0.46 to 1.88) | 1.02 (0.58 to 1.78) | ||
| ≥45 801 | 1.07 (0.52 to 2.20) | 0.86 (0.46 to 1.59) | ||
| Medication | ||||
| Methotrexate | 0.69 (0.19 to 2.44) | 0.81 (0.29 to 2.26) | ||
| Sulfasalazine | 3.04 (0.99 to 9.26) | 3.19 (0.81 to 12.56) | 0.96 (0.41 to 2.25) | |
| Leflunomide | <0.01 (<0.01–>99) | 1.33 (0.14 to 12.82) | ||
| Hydroxychloroquine | 1.27 (0.75 to 2.13) | 1.26 (0.82 to 1.95) | ||
| Immunosuppressants | 1.47 (0.89 to 2.45) | 1.06 (0.55 to 2.05) | 3.39 (1.62 to 7.07) | 1.84 (0.78 to 4.34) |
| Steroid†, mg/day | 1.09 (1.05 to 1.14) | 1.09 (1.03 to 1.15)** | 1.17 (1.09 to 1.25) | 1.11 (1.03 to 1.18)** |
| Air pollutants | ||||
| PM2.5 (per 10 µg/m3) | 0.59 (0.41 to 0.86) | 0.23 (0.07 to 0.73)* | 0.61 (0.44 to 0.84) | 0.73 (0.30 to 1.76) |
| PM10 (per 10 µg/m3) | 0.79 (0.64 to 0.98) | 1.96 (0.98 to 3.89) | 0.76 (0.63 to 0.91) | 1.04 (0.61 to 1.75) |
| SO2 (per 10 ppb) | 0.13 (0.01 to 1.30) | 0.41 (0.01 to 15.74) | 0.08 (0.01 to 0.61) | 0.10 (0.01 to 1.41) |
| NO2 (per 10 ppb) | 1.41 (0.93 to 2.15) | 0.98 (0.15 to 6.57) | 0.99 (0.70 to 1.40) | |
| CO (per 1 ppm) | 2.45 (0.96 to 6.20) | 0.94 (0.03 to 26.11) | 1.34 (0.59 to 3.04) | |
| O3 (per 10 ppb) | 0.23 (0.09 to 0.58) | 0.06 (0.01 to 0.43)** | 0.65 (0.31 to 1.34) | |
*p<0.05, **p<0.005.
†Prednisolone equivalent.
CCI, Charlson Comorbidity Index; CO, carbon monoxide; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ILD, interstitial lung disease; NA, not available; NO2, nitrogen dioxide; O3, ozone; PM10, particulate matter <10 μm; PM2.5, particulate matter <2.5 μm; SO2, sulphur dioxide; TNF, tumour necrosis factor.