TABLE 4.
Results of multiple regression analysis showing associations between broad dimensions of children coping and behavioral, emotional and social functioning during the COVID-19 pandemic.
| Predictors | Negative Outcomes |
Positive outcomes |
||||||||||||
| Conduct problems |
Hyperactive behaviors |
Emotional problems |
Routine manteinance |
Social-oriented reflection |
Prosocial involvement |
Social bonding |
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| B (SE) | β | B (SE) | β | B (SE) | β | B (SE) | β | B (SE) | β | B (SE) | β | B (SE) | β | |
| Sex | −0.05 (0.01) | −0.05 | −0.07 (0.03) | −0.07* | 0.00 (0.03) | 0.00 | 0.09 (0.03) | 0.08* | 0.05 (0.04) | 0.04 | 0.05 (0.04) | 0.05 | 0.16 (0.06) | 0.09* |
| Age | −0.07 (0.04) | −0.17*** | −0.03 (0.01) | −0.16*** | −0.01 (0.01) | −0.03 | 0.00 (0.01) | 0.02 | 0.05 (0.01) | 0.19*** | −0.01 (0.01) | −0.02 | 0.05 (0.01) | 0.13*** |
| SES | 0.08 (0.03) | 0.08* | 0.00 (0.02) | 0.00 | 0.07 (0.03) | 0.08* | −0.01 (0.03) | −0.01 | 0.01 (0.03) | 0.01 | 0.03 (0.03) | 0.00 | 0.05 (0.04) | 0.04 |
| COVID-19 stressors | ||||||||||||||
| Close contagion | 0.13 (0.06) | 0.07* | 0.11 (0.04) | 0.08* | 0.08 (0.03) | 0.05 | 0.01 (0.04) | 0.01 | −0.09 (0.05) | −0.05 | 0.00 (0.05) | 0.00 | −0.10 (0.08) | −0.04 |
| Close death | −0.06 (0.01) | −0.02 | 0.01 (0.08) | 0.00 | −0.04 (0.10) | −0.01 | −0.02 (0.08) | −0.01 | 0.14 (0.09) | 0.05 | 0.08 (0.08) | 0.03 | −0.01 (0.14) | 0.00 |
| Economic impact | 0.05 (0.02) | 0.08* | 0.02 (0.02) | 0.03 | 0.01 (0.02) | 0.02 | −0.05 (0.02) | −0.09* | −0.02 (0.02) | −0.03 | −0.03 (0.02) | −0.04 | −0.01 (0.03) | −0.01 |
| Fear of the future | 0.01 (0.03) | 0.02 | 0.02 (0.02) | 0.03 | 0.03 (0.02) | 0.04 | 0.03 (0.02) | 0.05 | 0.07 (0.03) | 0.09* | 0.06 (0.02) | 0.09* | 0.07 (0.04) | 0.06 |
| Parent resilience | ||||||||||||||
| Trait resilience | −0.09 (0.03) | −0.09* | −0.08 (0.02) | −0.11*** | −0.08 (0.03) | −0.09* | 0.16 (0.03) | 0.20*** | 0.07 (0.03) | 0.07* | 0.16 (0.03) | 0.18*** | 0.11 (0.05) | 0.06* |
| Child coping | ||||||||||||||
| Engagement | −0.34 (0.05) | −0.22*** | −0.16 (0.03) | −0.14*** | −0.17 (0.04) | −0.12*** | 0.29 (0.04) | 0.25*** | 0.44 (0.04) | 0.31*** | 0.31 (0.04) | 0.24*** | 0.32 (0.07) | 0.15*** |
| Disengagement | 0.47 (0.05) | 0.28*** | 0.33 (0.04) | 0.28*** | 0.39 (0.04) | 0.28*** | −0.15 (0.03) | −0.12*** | 0.00 (0.05) | 0.00 | 0.05 (0.05) | 0.04 | 0.08 (0.08) | 0.04 |
| R2 | 0.20*** | 0.18*** | 0.12* | 0.16*** | 0.15*** | 0.11* | 0.8* | |||||||
∗p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. These results are derived from the total sample. They were replicated by age group subsamples in complementary analysis (3–6-year-olds, 7–9- year-olds and 10–12- year-olds). We modeled pathways from all covariates (age, sex, and SES) to all other predictors in the regression models. Main predictors were mean centered before entered into the equation.