TABLE 1.

Human coronaviruses (HCoVs) and their characteristics.

Human coronavirus	Genera	Entry receptor	Disease/Pathogenesis	References
HCoV-229E (1966)	α	Aminopeptidase (APN)	Upper respiratory tract infection with mild symptoms. Now endemic in human population, causing 15–30% of common colds	Hamre and Procknow (1966), Fehr and Perlman (2015)
HCoV-OC43 (1967)	β	Neu5, Ac2-containing moiety		McIntosh et al. (1967), Weiss and Navas-Martin (2005)
HCoV-NL63 (2004)	α	Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)		van der Hoek et al. (2004), Fehr and Perlman (2015)
HCoV-HKU1 (2005)	β	?		Woo et al. (2005)
SARS-CoV-1 (2003)	β	ACE2	Other than symptoms of common cold and pneumonia, these viruses predominantly cause infection of lower respiratory tract causing acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and cytokine storm	Ksiazek et al. (2003), Drosten et al. (2003), Fehr and Perlman (2015)
MERS-CoV (2012)	β	Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4)		Bermingham et al. (2012), Fehr and Perlman (2015)
SARS-CoV-2 (2019)	β	ACE2		Hoffman et al. (2020), Wu A. et al. (2020), Wu F. et al. (2020)

ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; DPP4, dipeptidyl peptidase 4.