Table 3:

Impact of arsenic on miRNA expression in human population-based studies.

Country	Sample	Results or adverse effect	miRNA Findings	Reference
Mexico	Plasma	Association between arsenic and miR-155 and miR-126, proposed as predictive cardiovascular (CDV) disease biomarkers	Up: miR-155 Down: miR-126	[64]
Mexico	Plasma	Negative association between arsenic and plasma miR-126 levels (early biomarker of CVD risk)	Down: miR-126	[68]
China	Plasma	Dysregulated miRNAs might impact immune inflammation, oxidative stress and DNA damage repair	Up: 56 miRNAs Down: 18 miRNAs Validated-Up: miR-21, miR-145, miR-155, and miR-191	[69]
China	Plasma	Skin, liver and kidney damage	Up: miR-21, miR-145, miR-155, and miR-191	[70]
India	Plasma	Precancerous and cancerous skin lesions	Up: 199 miRNAs Down: 3 miRNAs Validated-Up: miR-21, miR-23a, miR-619, miR-126, miR-3613 Down: miR-1282 and miR-4530	[71]
India	Plasma	Malignant squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma	Up: mir-21	[72]
Bangladesh	Urine	Inverse relationship of miR-200c and miR-205, EMT related miRNAs, with arsenic	Down: miR-200c and miR-205	[73]
India	Skin Lesions	Premalignant hyperkeratosis HK and malignant basal cell carcinoma and 3 squamous cell carcinoma	Up: miR-425–5p and miR-433 in BCC and SCC compared to HK; miR-184 and miR-576–3p in SCC relative to BCC and HK Down: miR-29c, miR-381, miR-452, miR-487b, miR-494 and miR-590–5p in BCC relative to SCC and HK	[75]
Mexico	Newborn cord blood	Dysregulated miRNAs have roles in cancer and inflammatory response	Up: let-7a, miR-107, miR-126, miR-16, miR-17, miR-195, miR-20a, miR-20b, miR-26b, miR-454, miR-96, and miR-98	[76]
Mexico	Plasma	Dysregulated miRNAs are linked to cardiovascular disease and diabetes	MMA correlated with miR-423–5p, miR-142–5p −2, miR-423–5p +1, - 320c-1, −320c-2, and −454–5p	[16]
China	Urine	Changes in genes related to apoptosis, cell cycle inhibition, or carcinogenesis	iAs, MMA and DMA negatively correlated with miR-548c-3p	[77]